wasmtime/engine/

serialization.rs

//! This module implements serialization and deserialization of `Engine`
//! configuration data which is embedded into compiled artifacts of Wasmtime.
//!
//! The data serialized here is used to double-check that when a module is
//! loaded from one host onto another that it's compatible with the target host.
//! Additionally though this data is the first data read from a precompiled
//! artifact so it's "extra hardened" to provide reasonable-ish error messages
//! for mismatching wasmtime versions. Once something successfully deserializes
//! here it's assumed it's meant for this wasmtime so error messages are in
//! general much worse afterwards.
//!
//! Wasmtime AOT artifacts are ELF files so the data for the engine here is
//! stored into a section of the output file. The structure of this section is:
//!
//! 1. A version byte, currently `VERSION`.
//! 2. A byte indicating how long the next field is.
//! 3. A version string of the length of the previous byte value.
//! 4. A `postcard`-encoded `Metadata` structure.
//!
//! This is hoped to help distinguish easily Wasmtime-based ELF files from
//! other random ELF files, as well as provide better error messages for
//! using wasmtime artifacts across versions.

use crate::prelude::*;
use crate::{Engine, ModuleVersionStrategy, Precompiled};
use core::fmt;
use core::str::FromStr;
use object::endian::Endianness;
#[cfg(any(feature = "cranelift", feature = "winch"))]
use object::write::{Object, StandardSegment};
use object::{
    FileFlags, Object as _,
    elf::FileHeader64,
    read::elf::{ElfFile64, FileHeader, SectionHeader},
};
use serde_derive::{Deserialize, Serialize};
use wasmtime_environ::{FlagValue, ObjectKind, OperatorCostStrategy, Tunables, obj};

const VERSION: u8 = 0;

/// Verifies that the serialized engine in `mmap` is compatible with the
/// `engine` provided.
///
/// This function will verify that the `mmap` provided can be deserialized
/// successfully and that the contents are all compatible with the `engine`
/// provided here, notably compatible wasm features are enabled, compatible
/// compiler options, etc. If a mismatch is found and the compilation metadata
/// specified is incompatible then an error is returned.
pub fn check_compatible(engine: &Engine, mmap: &[u8], expected: ObjectKind) -> Result<()> {
    // Parse the input `mmap` as an ELF file and see if the header matches the
    // Wasmtime-generated header. This includes a Wasmtime-specific `os_abi` and
    // the `e_flags` field should indicate whether `expected` matches or not.
    //
    // Note that errors generated here could mean that a precompiled module was
    // loaded as a component, or vice versa, both of which aren't supposed to
    // work.
    //
    // Ideally we'd only `File::parse` once and avoid the linear
    // `section_by_name` search here but the general serialization code isn't
    // structured well enough to make this easy and additionally it's not really
    // a perf issue right now so doing that is left for another day's
    // refactoring.
    let header = FileHeader64::<Endianness>::parse(mmap)
        .map_err(obj::ObjectCrateErrorWrapper)
        .context("failed to parse precompiled artifact as an ELF")?;
    let endian = header
        .endian()
        .context("failed to parse header endianness")?;

    let expected_e_flags = match expected {
        ObjectKind::Module => obj::EF_WASMTIME_MODULE,
        ObjectKind::Component => obj::EF_WASMTIME_COMPONENT,
    };
    ensure!(
        header.e_flags(endian).contains(expected_e_flags),
        "incompatible object file format"
    );

    let section_headers = header
        .section_headers(endian, mmap)
        .context("failed to parse section headers")?;
    let strings = header
        .section_strings(endian, mmap, section_headers)
        .context("failed to parse strings table")?;
    let sections = header
        .sections(endian, mmap)
        .context("failed to parse sections table")?;

    let mut section_header = None;
    for s in sections.iter() {
        let name = s.name(endian, strings)?;
        if name == obj::ELF_WASM_ENGINE.as_bytes() {
            section_header = Some(s);
        }
    }
    let Some(section_header) = section_header else {
        bail!("failed to find section `{}`", obj::ELF_WASM_ENGINE)
    };
    let data = section_header
        .data(endian, mmap)
        .map_err(obj::ObjectCrateErrorWrapper)?;
    let (first, data) = data
        .split_first()
        .ok_or_else(|| format_err!("invalid engine section"))?;
    if *first != VERSION {
        bail!("mismatched version in engine section");
    }
    let (len, data) = data
        .split_first()
        .ok_or_else(|| format_err!("invalid engine section"))?;
    let len = usize::from(*len);
    let (version, data) = if data.len() < len + 1 {
        bail!("engine section too small")
    } else {
        data.split_at(len)
    };

    match &engine.config().module_version {
        ModuleVersionStrategy::None => { /* ignore the version info, accept all */ }
        _ => {
            let version = core::str::from_utf8(&version)?;
            if version != engine.config().module_version.as_str() {
                bail!("Module was compiled with incompatible version '{version}'");
            }
        }
    }
    postcard::from_bytes::<Metadata<'_>>(data)?.check_compatible(engine)
}

#[cfg(any(feature = "cranelift", feature = "winch"))]
pub fn append_compiler_info(engine: &Engine, obj: &mut Object<'_>, metadata: &Metadata<'_>) {
    let section = obj.add_section(
        obj.segment_name(StandardSegment::Data).to_vec(),
        obj::ELF_WASM_ENGINE.as_bytes().to_vec(),
        object::SectionKind::ReadOnlyData,
    );
    let mut data = Vec::new();
    data.push(VERSION);
    let version = engine.config().module_version.as_str();
    // This precondition is checked in Config::module_version:
    assert!(
        version.len() < 256,
        "package version must be less than 256 bytes"
    );
    data.push(version.len() as u8);
    data.extend_from_slice(version.as_bytes());
    data.extend(postcard::to_allocvec(metadata).unwrap());
    obj.set_section_data(section, data, 1);
}

fn detect_precompiled<'data, R: object::ReadRef<'data>>(
    obj: ElfFile64<'data, Endianness, R>,
) -> Option<Precompiled> {
    match obj.flags() {
        FileFlags::Elf {
            os_abi: obj::ELFOSABI_WASMTIME,
            abi_version: 0,
            e_flags,
        } if e_flags.contains(obj::EF_WASMTIME_MODULE) => Some(Precompiled::Module),
        FileFlags::Elf {
            os_abi: obj::ELFOSABI_WASMTIME,
            abi_version: 0,
            e_flags,
        } if e_flags.contains(obj::EF_WASMTIME_COMPONENT) => Some(Precompiled::Component),
        _ => None,
    }
}

pub fn detect_precompiled_bytes(bytes: &[u8]) -> Option<Precompiled> {
    detect_precompiled(ElfFile64::parse(bytes).ok()?)
}

#[cfg(feature = "std")]
pub fn detect_precompiled_file(path: impl AsRef<std::path::Path>) -> Result<Option<Precompiled>> {
    let read_cache = object::ReadCache::new(std::fs::File::open(path)?);
    let obj = ElfFile64::parse(&read_cache)?;
    Ok(detect_precompiled(obj))
}

#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
pub struct Metadata<'a> {
    target: TryString,
    #[serde(borrow)]
    shared_flags: TryVec<(&'a str, FlagValue<'a>)>,
    #[serde(borrow)]
    isa_flags: TryVec<(&'a str, FlagValue<'a>)>,
    tunables: Tunables,
    features: u64,
}

impl Metadata<'_> {
    #[cfg(any(feature = "cranelift", feature = "winch"))]
    pub fn new(engine: &Engine) -> Result<Metadata<'static>> {
        let compiler = engine.try_compiler()?;
        Ok(Metadata {
            target: compiler.triple().to_string().into(),
            shared_flags: compiler.flags().into(),
            isa_flags: compiler.isa_flags().into(),
            tunables: engine.tunables().clone(),
            features: engine.features().bits(),
        })
    }

    fn check_compatible(mut self, engine: &Engine) -> Result<()> {
        self.check_triple(engine)?;
        self.check_shared_flags(engine)?;
        self.check_isa_flags(engine)?;
        self.check_tunables(&engine.tunables())?;
        self.check_features(&engine.features())?;
        Ok(())
    }

    fn check_triple(&self, engine: &Engine) -> Result<()> {
        let engine_target = engine.target();
        let module_target =
            target_lexicon::Triple::from_str(&self.target).map_err(|e| format_err!(e))?;

        if module_target.architecture != engine_target.architecture {
            bail!(
                "Module was compiled for architecture '{}'",
                module_target.architecture
            );
        }

        if module_target.operating_system != engine_target.operating_system {
            bail!(
                "Module was compiled for operating system '{}'",
                module_target.operating_system
            );
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    fn check_shared_flags(&mut self, engine: &Engine) -> Result<()> {
        for (name, val) in self.shared_flags.iter() {
            engine
                .check_compatible_with_shared_flag(name, val)
                .map_err(|s| crate::Error::msg(s))
                .context("compilation settings of module incompatible with native host")?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn check_isa_flags(&mut self, engine: &Engine) -> Result<()> {
        for (name, val) in self.isa_flags.iter() {
            engine
                .check_compatible_with_isa_flag(name, val)
                .map_err(|s| crate::Error::msg(s))
                .context("compilation settings of module incompatible with native host")?;
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn check_int<T: Eq + fmt::Display>(found: T, expected: T, feature: &str) -> Result<()> {
        if found == expected {
            return Ok(());
        }

        bail!(
            "Module was compiled with a {feature} of '{found}' but '{expected}' is expected for the host"
        );
    }

    fn check_bool(found: bool, expected: bool, feature: impl fmt::Display) -> Result<()> {
        if found == expected {
            return Ok(());
        }

        bail!(
            "Module was compiled {} {} but it {} enabled for the host",
            if found { "with" } else { "without" },
            feature,
            if expected { "is" } else { "is not" }
        );
    }

    fn check_cost(
        consume_fuel: bool,
        found: &OperatorCostStrategy,
        expected: &OperatorCostStrategy,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        if !consume_fuel {
            return Ok(());
        }

        if found != expected {
            bail!("Module costs are incompatible");
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    fn check_tunables(&mut self, other: &Tunables) -> Result<()> {
        let Tunables {
            collector,
            memory_reservation,
            memory_guard_size,
            debug_native,
            debug_guest,
            debug_symbols,
            parse_wasm_debuginfo,
            consume_fuel,
            ref operator_cost,
            epoch_interruption,
            mmu_interruption,
            memory_may_move,
            guard_before_linear_memory,
            table_lazy_init,
            relaxed_simd_deterministic,
            winch_callable,
            signals_based_traps,
            memory_init_cow,
            inlining,
            inlining_small_callee_size,
            inlining_sum_size_threshold,
            concurrency_support,
            recording,
            asan_stack_switching,
            memory_watchpoints,

            // This doesn't affect compilation, it's just a runtime setting.
            memory_reservation_for_growth: _,

            // This does technically affect compilation but modules with/without
            // trap information can be loaded into engines with the opposite
            // setting just fine (it's just a section in the compiled file and
            // whether it's present or not)
            generate_address_map: _,

            // Just a debugging aid, doesn't affect functionality at all.
            debug_adapter_modules: _,

            // This is a runtime GC debugging setting, doesn't affect compilation.
            gc_zeal_alloc_counter: _,

            gc_heap_reservation,
            gc_heap_guard_size,
            gc_heap_may_move,
            gc_heap_initial_size,

            // This doesn't affect compilation, it's just a runtime setting.
            gc_heap_reservation_for_growth: _,

            // No need to match whether or not this metadata is emitted, if it
            // is or isn't then that's fine, the runtime handles it the same
            // way.
            metadata_for_internal_asserts: _,
            metadata_for_gc_heap_corruption: _,

            // Only affects cold-block layout; a compiled artifact loads into an
            // engine configured either way.
            branch_hinting: _,
        } = self.tunables;

        Self::check_collector(collector, other.collector)?;
        Self::check_int(
            memory_reservation,
            other.memory_reservation,
            "memory reservation",
        )?;
        Self::check_int(
            memory_guard_size,
            other.memory_guard_size,
            "memory guard size",
        )?;
        Self::check_bool(
            debug_native,
            other.debug_native,
            "native debug information support",
        )?;
        Self::check_bool(debug_guest, other.debug_guest, "guest debug")?;
        Self::check_bool(debug_symbols, other.debug_symbols, "debug symbols")?;
        Self::check_bool(
            parse_wasm_debuginfo,
            other.parse_wasm_debuginfo,
            "WebAssembly backtrace support",
        )?;
        Self::check_bool(consume_fuel, other.consume_fuel, "fuel support")?;
        Self::check_cost(consume_fuel, operator_cost, &other.operator_cost)?;
        Self::check_bool(
            epoch_interruption,
            other.epoch_interruption,
            "epoch interruption",
        )?;
        Self::check_bool(mmu_interruption, other.mmu_interruption, "MMU interruption")?;
        Self::check_bool(memory_may_move, other.memory_may_move, "memory may move")?;
        Self::check_bool(
            guard_before_linear_memory,
            other.guard_before_linear_memory,
            "guard before linear memory",
        )?;
        Self::check_bool(table_lazy_init, other.table_lazy_init, "table lazy init")?;
        Self::check_bool(
            relaxed_simd_deterministic,
            other.relaxed_simd_deterministic,
            "relaxed simd deterministic semantics",
        )?;
        Self::check_bool(
            winch_callable,
            other.winch_callable,
            "Winch calling convention",
        )?;
        Self::check_bool(
            signals_based_traps,
            other.signals_based_traps,
            "Signals-based traps",
        )?;
        Self::check_bool(
            memory_init_cow,
            other.memory_init_cow,
            "memory initialization with CoW",
        )?;
        Self::check_int(
            inlining_small_callee_size,
            other.inlining_small_callee_size,
            "function inlining small-callee size",
        )?;
        Self::check_int(
            inlining_sum_size_threshold,
            other.inlining_sum_size_threshold,
            "function inlining sum-size threshold",
        )?;
        Self::check_bool(
            concurrency_support,
            other.concurrency_support,
            "concurrency support",
        )?;
        Self::check_bool(recording, other.recording, "RR recording support")?;
        Self::check_bool(
            asan_stack_switching,
            other.asan_stack_switching,
            "AddressSanitizer stack-switching support",
        )?;
        Self::check_bool(
            memory_watchpoints,
            other.memory_watchpoints,
            "memory watchpoint support",
        )?;
        Self::check_inlining(inlining, other.inlining)?;
        Self::check_int(
            gc_heap_reservation,
            other.gc_heap_reservation,
            "GC heap reservation",
        )?;
        Self::check_int(
            gc_heap_guard_size,
            other.gc_heap_guard_size,
            "GC heap guard size",
        )?;
        Self::check_int(
            gc_heap_initial_size,
            other.gc_heap_initial_size,
            "GC heap initial size",
        )?;
        Self::check_bool(gc_heap_may_move, other.gc_heap_may_move, "GC heap may move")?;

        Ok(())
    }

    fn check_features(&mut self, other: &wasmparser::WasmFeatures) -> Result<()> {
        let module_features = wasmparser::WasmFeatures::from_bits_truncate(self.features);
        let missing_features = (*other & module_features) ^ module_features;
        for (name, _) in missing_features.iter_names() {
            let name = name.to_ascii_lowercase();
            bail!(
                "Module was compiled with support for WebAssembly feature \
                `{name}` but it is not enabled for the host",
            );
        }
        Ok(())
    }

    fn check_collector(
        module: Option<wasmtime_environ::Collector>,
        host: Option<wasmtime_environ::Collector>,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        match (module, host) {
            // If the module doesn't require GC support it doesn't matter
            // whether the host has GC support enabled or not.
            (None, _) => Ok(()),
            (Some(module), Some(host)) if module == host => Ok(()),

            (Some(_), None) => {
                bail!("module was compiled with GC however GC is disabled in the host")
            }

            (Some(module), Some(host)) => {
                bail!(
                    "module was compiled for the {module} collector but \
                     the host is configured to use the {host} collector",
                )
            }
        }
    }

    fn check_inlining(
        module: wasmtime_environ::Inlining,
        host: wasmtime_environ::Inlining,
    ) -> Result<()> {
        if module == host {
            return Ok(());
        }

        let desc = |cfg| match cfg {
            wasmtime_environ::Inlining::No => "without intra-module inlining",
            wasmtime_environ::Inlining::Yes => "with intra-module inlining",
            wasmtime_environ::Inlining::InterModuleAndIntraGc => {
                "with intra-module inlining only when using GC"
            }
            wasmtime_environ::Inlining::Intrinsics => "with intrinsic inlining",
            wasmtime_environ::Inlining::InterModule => "with inter-module inlining",
        };

        let module = desc(module);
        let host = desc(host);

        bail!("module was compiled {module} however the host is configured {host}")
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod test {
    use super::*;
    use crate::{Cache, Config, Module, OptLevel};
    use std::{
        collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher,
        hash::{Hash, Hasher},
    };
    use tempfile::TempDir;

    #[test]
    fn test_architecture_mismatch() -> Result<()> {
        let engine = Engine::default();
        let mut metadata = Metadata::new(&engine)?;
        metadata.target = "unknown-generic-linux".to_string().into();

        match metadata.check_compatible(&engine) {
            Ok(_) => unreachable!(),
            Err(e) => assert_eq!(
                e.to_string(),
                "Module was compiled for architecture 'unknown'",
            ),
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    // Note that this test runs on a platform that is known to use Cranelift
    #[test]
    #[cfg(all(target_arch = "x86_64", not(miri)))]
    fn test_os_mismatch() -> Result<()> {
        let engine = Engine::default();
        let mut metadata = Metadata::new(&engine)?;

        metadata.target = format!(
            "{}-generic-unknown",
            target_lexicon::Triple::host().architecture
        )
        .into();

        match metadata.check_compatible(&engine) {
            Ok(_) => unreachable!(),
            Err(e) => assert_eq!(
                e.to_string(),
                "Module was compiled for operating system 'unknown'",
            ),
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    fn assert_contains(error: &Error, msg: &str) {
        let msg = msg.trim();
        if error.chain().any(|e| e.to_string().contains(msg)) {
            return;
        }

        panic!("failed to find:\n\n'''{msg}\n'''\n\nwithin error message:\n\n'''{error:?}'''")
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_cranelift_flags_mismatch() -> Result<()> {
        let engine = Engine::default();
        let mut metadata = Metadata::new(&engine)?;

        metadata
            .shared_flags
            .push(("preserve_frame_pointers", FlagValue::Bool(false)))?;

        match metadata.check_compatible(&engine) {
            Ok(_) => unreachable!(),
            Err(e) => {
                assert_contains(
                    &e,
                    "compilation settings of module incompatible with native host",
                );
                assert_contains(
                    &e,
                    "setting \"preserve_frame_pointers\" is configured to Bool(false) which is not supported",
                );
            }
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_isa_flags_mismatch() -> Result<()> {
        let engine = Engine::default();
        let mut metadata = Metadata::new(&engine)?;

        metadata
            .isa_flags
            .push(("not_a_flag", FlagValue::Bool(true)))?;

        match metadata.check_compatible(&engine) {
            Ok(_) => unreachable!(),
            Err(e) => {
                assert_contains(
                    &e,
                    "compilation settings of module incompatible with native host",
                );
                assert_contains(
                    &e,
                    "don't know how to test for target-specific flag \"not_a_flag\" at runtime",
                );
            }
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    #[cfg_attr(any(miri, not(has_native_signals)), ignore)]
    #[cfg(target_pointer_width = "64")] // different defaults on 32-bit platforms
    fn test_tunables_int_mismatch() -> Result<()> {
        let engine = Engine::default();
        let mut metadata = Metadata::new(&engine)?;

        metadata.tunables.memory_guard_size = 0;

        match metadata.check_compatible(&engine) {
            Ok(_) => unreachable!(),
            Err(e) => assert_eq!(
                e.to_string(),
                "Module was compiled with a memory guard size of '0' but '33554432' is expected for the host"
            ),
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_tunables_bool_mismatch() -> Result<()> {
        let mut config = Config::new();
        config.epoch_interruption(true);

        let engine = Engine::new(&config)?;
        let mut metadata = Metadata::new(&engine)?;
        metadata.tunables.epoch_interruption = false;

        match metadata.check_compatible(&engine) {
            Ok(_) => unreachable!(),
            Err(e) => assert_eq!(
                e.to_string(),
                "Module was compiled without epoch interruption but it is enabled for the host"
            ),
        }

        let mut config = Config::new();
        config.epoch_interruption(false);

        let engine = Engine::new(&config)?;
        let mut metadata = Metadata::new(&engine)?;
        metadata.tunables.epoch_interruption = true;

        match metadata.check_compatible(&engine) {
            Ok(_) => unreachable!(),
            Err(e) => assert_eq!(
                e.to_string(),
                "Module was compiled with epoch interruption but it is not enabled for the host"
            ),
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    /// This test is only run a platform that is known to implement threads
    #[test]
    #[cfg(all(target_arch = "x86_64", not(miri)))]
    fn test_feature_mismatch() -> Result<()> {
        let mut config = Config::new();
        config.wasm_threads(true);

        let engine = Engine::new(&config)?;
        let mut metadata = Metadata::new(&engine)?;
        metadata.features &= !wasmparser::WasmFeatures::THREADS.bits();

        // If a feature is disabled in the module and enabled in the host,
        // that's always ok.
        metadata.check_compatible(&engine)?;

        let mut config = Config::new();
        config.wasm_threads(false);

        let engine = Engine::new(&config)?;
        let mut metadata = Metadata::new(&engine)?;
        metadata.features |= wasmparser::WasmFeatures::THREADS.bits();

        match metadata.check_compatible(&engine) {
            Ok(_) => unreachable!(),
            Err(e) => assert_eq!(
                e.to_string(),
                "Module was compiled with support for WebAssembly feature \
                `threads` but it is not enabled for the host"
            ),
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn engine_weak_upgrades() {
        let engine = Engine::default();
        let weak = engine.weak();
        weak.upgrade()
            .expect("engine is still alive, so weak reference can upgrade");
        drop(engine);
        assert!(
            weak.upgrade().is_none(),
            "engine was dropped, so weak reference cannot upgrade"
        );
    }

    #[test]
    #[cfg_attr(miri, ignore)]
    fn cache_accounts_for_opt_level() -> Result<()> {
        let _ = env_logger::try_init();

        let td = TempDir::new()?;
        let config_path = td.path().join("config.toml");
        std::fs::write(
            &config_path,
            &format!(
                "
                    [cache]
                    directory = '{}'
                ",
                td.path().join("cache").display()
            ),
        )?;
        let mut cfg = Config::new();
        cfg.cranelift_opt_level(OptLevel::None)
            .cache(Some(Cache::from_file(Some(&config_path))?));
        let engine = Engine::new(&cfg)?;
        Module::new(&engine, "(module (func))")?;
        let cache_config = engine
            .config()
            .cache
            .as_ref()
            .expect("Missing cache config");
        assert_eq!(cache_config.cache_hits(), 0);
        assert_eq!(cache_config.cache_misses(), 1);
        Module::new(&engine, "(module (func))")?;
        assert_eq!(cache_config.cache_hits(), 1);
        assert_eq!(cache_config.cache_misses(), 1);

        let mut cfg = Config::new();
        cfg.cranelift_opt_level(OptLevel::Speed)
            .cache(Some(Cache::from_file(Some(&config_path))?));
        let engine = Engine::new(&cfg)?;
        let cache_config = engine
            .config()
            .cache
            .as_ref()
            .expect("Missing cache config");
        Module::new(&engine, "(module (func))")?;
        assert_eq!(cache_config.cache_hits(), 0);
        assert_eq!(cache_config.cache_misses(), 1);
        Module::new(&engine, "(module (func))")?;
        assert_eq!(cache_config.cache_hits(), 1);
        assert_eq!(cache_config.cache_misses(), 1);

        let mut cfg = Config::new();
        cfg.cranelift_opt_level(OptLevel::SpeedAndSize)
            .cache(Some(Cache::from_file(Some(&config_path))?));
        let engine = Engine::new(&cfg)?;
        let cache_config = engine
            .config()
            .cache
            .as_ref()
            .expect("Missing cache config");
        Module::new(&engine, "(module (func))")?;
        assert_eq!(cache_config.cache_hits(), 0);
        assert_eq!(cache_config.cache_misses(), 1);
        Module::new(&engine, "(module (func))")?;
        assert_eq!(cache_config.cache_hits(), 1);
        assert_eq!(cache_config.cache_misses(), 1);

        let mut cfg = Config::new();
        cfg.debug_info(true)
            .cache(Some(Cache::from_file(Some(&config_path))?));
        let engine = Engine::new(&cfg)?;
        let cache_config = engine
            .config()
            .cache
            .as_ref()
            .expect("Missing cache config");
        Module::new(&engine, "(module (func))")?;
        assert_eq!(cache_config.cache_hits(), 0);
        assert_eq!(cache_config.cache_misses(), 1);
        Module::new(&engine, "(module (func))")?;
        assert_eq!(cache_config.cache_hits(), 1);
        assert_eq!(cache_config.cache_misses(), 1);

        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    fn precompile_compatibility_key_accounts_for_opt_level() {
        fn hash_for_config(cfg: &Config) -> u64 {
            let engine = Engine::new(cfg).expect("Config should be valid");
            let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
            engine.precompile_compatibility_hash().hash(&mut hasher);
            hasher.finish()
        }
        let mut cfg = Config::new();
        cfg.cranelift_opt_level(OptLevel::None);
        let opt_none_hash = hash_for_config(&cfg);
        cfg.cranelift_opt_level(OptLevel::Speed);
        let opt_speed_hash = hash_for_config(&cfg);
        assert_ne!(opt_none_hash, opt_speed_hash)
    }

    #[test]
    fn precompile_compatibility_key_accounts_for_module_version_strategy() -> Result<()> {
        fn hash_for_config(cfg: &Config) -> u64 {
            let engine = Engine::new(cfg).expect("Config should be valid");
            let mut hasher = DefaultHasher::new();
            engine.precompile_compatibility_hash().hash(&mut hasher);
            hasher.finish()
        }
        let mut cfg_custom_version = Config::new();
        cfg_custom_version.module_version(ModuleVersionStrategy::Custom("1.0.1111".to_string()))?;
        let custom_version_hash = hash_for_config(&cfg_custom_version);

        let mut cfg_default_version = Config::new();
        cfg_default_version.module_version(ModuleVersionStrategy::WasmtimeVersion)?;
        let default_version_hash = hash_for_config(&cfg_default_version);

        let mut cfg_none_version = Config::new();
        cfg_none_version.module_version(ModuleVersionStrategy::None)?;
        let none_version_hash = hash_for_config(&cfg_none_version);

        assert_ne!(custom_version_hash, default_version_hash);
        assert_ne!(custom_version_hash, none_version_hash);
        assert_ne!(default_version_hash, none_version_hash);

        Ok(())
    }

    #[test]
    #[cfg_attr(miri, ignore)]
    #[cfg(feature = "component-model")]
    fn components_are_cached() -> Result<()> {
        use crate::component::Component;

        let td = TempDir::new()?;
        let config_path = td.path().join("config.toml");
        std::fs::write(
            &config_path,
            &format!(
                "
                    [cache]
                    directory = '{}'
                ",
                td.path().join("cache").display()
            ),
        )?;
        let mut cfg = Config::new();
        cfg.cache(Some(Cache::from_file(Some(&config_path))?));
        let engine = Engine::new(&cfg)?;
        let cache_config = engine
            .config()
            .cache
            .as_ref()
            .expect("Missing cache config");
        Component::new(&engine, "(component (core module (func)))")?;
        assert_eq!(cache_config.cache_hits(), 0);
        assert_eq!(cache_config.cache_misses(), 1);
        Component::new(&engine, "(component (core module (func)))")?;
        assert_eq!(cache_config.cache_hits(), 1);
        assert_eq!(cache_config.cache_misses(), 1);

        Ok(())
    }
}