cranelift_interpreter/

step.rs

//! The [step] function interprets a single Cranelift instruction given its [State] and
//! [InstructionContext].
use crate::address::{Address, AddressSize};
use crate::frame::Frame;
use crate::instruction::InstructionContext;
use crate::state::{InterpreterFunctionRef, MemoryError, State};
use crate::value::{DataValueExt, ValueConversionKind, ValueError, ValueResult};
use cranelift_codegen::data_value::DataValue;
use cranelift_codegen::ir::condcodes::{FloatCC, IntCC};
use cranelift_codegen::ir::immediates::Ieee16;
use cranelift_codegen::ir::{
    AbiParam, AtomicRmwOp, Block, BlockArg, BlockCall, Endianness, ExternalName, FuncRef, Function,
    InstructionData, Opcode, TrapCode, Type, Value as ValueRef, types,
};
use log::trace;
use smallvec::{SmallVec, smallvec};
use std::fmt::Debug;
use std::ops::RangeFrom;
use thiserror::Error;

/// Ensures that all types in args are the same as expected by the signature
fn validate_signature_params(sig: &[AbiParam], args: &[DataValue]) -> bool {
    args.iter()
        .map(|r| r.ty())
        .zip(sig.iter().map(|r| r.value_type))
        .all(|(a, b)| match (a, b) {
            // For these two cases we don't have precise type information for `a`.
            // We don't distinguish between different bool types, or different vector types
            // The actual error is in `Value::ty` that returns default types for some values
            // but we don't have enough information there either.
            //
            // Ideally the user has run the verifier and caught this properly...
            (a, b) if a.is_vector() && b.is_vector() => true,
            (a, b) => a == b,
        })
}

// Helper for summing a sequence of values.
fn sum_unsigned(head: DataValue, tail: SmallVec<[DataValue; 1]>) -> ValueResult<u128> {
    let mut acc = head;
    for t in tail {
        acc = DataValueExt::add(acc, t)?;
    }
    acc.into_int_unsigned()
}

/// Collect a list of block arguments.
fn collect_block_args(
    frame: &Frame,
    args: impl Iterator<Item = BlockArg>,
) -> SmallVec<[DataValue; 1]> {
    args.into_iter()
        .map(|n| match n {
            BlockArg::Value(n) => frame.get(n).clone(),
            _ => panic!("exceptions not supported"),
        })
        .collect()
}

/// Interpret a single Cranelift instruction. Note that program traps and interpreter errors are
/// distinct: a program trap results in `Ok(Flow::Trap(...))` whereas an interpretation error (e.g.
/// the types of two values are incompatible) results in `Err(...)`.
pub fn step<'a, I>(state: &mut dyn State<'a>, inst_context: I) -> Result<ControlFlow<'a>, StepError>
where
    I: InstructionContext,
{
    let inst = inst_context.data();
    let ctrl_ty = inst_context.controlling_type().unwrap();
    trace!(
        "Step: {}{}",
        inst.opcode(),
        if ctrl_ty.is_invalid() {
            String::new()
        } else {
            format!(".{ctrl_ty}")
        }
    );

    // The following closures make the `step` implementation much easier to express. Note that they
    // frequently close over the `state` or `inst_context` for brevity.

    // Retrieve the current value for an instruction argument.
    let arg = |index: usize| -> DataValue {
        let value_ref = inst_context.args()[index];
        state.current_frame().get(value_ref).clone()
    };

    // Retrieve the current values for all of an instruction's arguments.
    let args = || -> SmallVec<[DataValue; 1]> { state.collect_values(inst_context.args()) };

    // Retrieve the current values for a range of an instruction's arguments.
    let args_range = |indexes: RangeFrom<usize>| -> Result<SmallVec<[DataValue; 1]>, StepError> {
        Ok(SmallVec::<[DataValue; 1]>::from(&args()[indexes]))
    };

    // Retrieve the immediate value for an instruction, expecting it to exist.
    let imm = || -> DataValue {
        match inst {
            InstructionData::UnaryConst {
                constant_handle,
                opcode,
            } => {
                let buffer = state
                    .get_current_function()
                    .dfg
                    .constants
                    .get(constant_handle);
                match (ctrl_ty.bytes(), opcode) {
                    (_, Opcode::F128const) => {
                        DataValue::F128(buffer.try_into().expect("a 16-byte data buffer"))
                    }
                    (16, Opcode::Vconst) => DataValue::V128(
                        buffer.as_slice().try_into().expect("a 16-byte data buffer"),
                    ),
                    (8, Opcode::Vconst) => {
                        DataValue::V64(buffer.as_slice().try_into().expect("an 8-byte data buffer"))
                    }
                    (4, Opcode::Vconst) => {
                        DataValue::V32(buffer.as_slice().try_into().expect("a 4-byte data buffer"))
                    }
                    (2, Opcode::Vconst) => {
                        DataValue::V16(buffer.as_slice().try_into().expect("a 2-byte data buffer"))
                    }
                    (length, opcode) => panic!(
                        "unexpected UnaryConst controlling type size {length} for opcode {opcode:?}"
                    ),
                }
            }
            InstructionData::Shuffle { imm, .. } => {
                let mask = state
                    .get_current_function()
                    .dfg
                    .immediates
                    .get(imm)
                    .unwrap()
                    .as_slice();
                match mask.len() {
                    16 => DataValue::V128(mask.try_into().expect("a 16-byte vector mask")),
                    8 => DataValue::V64(mask.try_into().expect("an 8-byte vector mask")),
                    4 => DataValue::V32(mask.try_into().expect("a 4-byte vector mask")),
                    2 => DataValue::V16(mask.try_into().expect("a 2-byte vector mask")),
                    length => panic!("unexpected Shuffle mask length {length}"),
                }
            }
            // 8-bit.
            InstructionData::BinaryImm8 { imm, .. } | InstructionData::TernaryImm8 { imm, .. } => {
                DataValue::from(imm as i8) // Note the switch from unsigned to signed.
            }
            // 16-bit
            InstructionData::UnaryIeee16 { imm, .. } => DataValue::from(imm),
            // 32-bit
            InstructionData::UnaryIeee32 { imm, .. } => DataValue::from(imm),
            InstructionData::Load { offset, .. }
            | InstructionData::Store { offset, .. }
            | InstructionData::StackAddr { offset, .. } => DataValue::from(offset),
            // 64-bit.
            InstructionData::UnaryImm { imm, .. } => DataValue::from(imm.bits()),
            InstructionData::UnaryIeee64 { imm, .. } => DataValue::from(imm),
            _ => unreachable!(),
        }
    };

    // Resolve instruction memflags through the DFG when present.
    let resolve_memflags = || {
        inst.memflags()
            .map(|flags| state.get_current_function().dfg.mem_flags[flags])
            .expect("instruction to have memory flags")
    };

    // Indicate that the result of a step is to assign a single value to an instruction's results.
    let assign = |value: DataValue| ControlFlow::Assign(smallvec![value]);

    // Indicate that the result of a step is to assign multiple values to an instruction's results.
    let assign_multiple = |values: &[DataValue]| ControlFlow::Assign(SmallVec::from(values));

    // Similar to `assign` but converts some errors into traps
    let assign_or_trap = |value: ValueResult<DataValue>| match value {
        Ok(v) => Ok(assign(v)),
        Err(ValueError::IntegerDivisionByZero) => Ok(ControlFlow::Trap(CraneliftTrap::User(
            TrapCode::INTEGER_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,
        ))),
        Err(ValueError::IntegerOverflow) => Ok(ControlFlow::Trap(CraneliftTrap::User(
            TrapCode::INTEGER_OVERFLOW,
        ))),
        Err(e) => Err(e),
    };

    let memerror_to_trap = |e: MemoryError| match e {
        MemoryError::InvalidAddress(_)
        | MemoryError::InvalidAddressType(_)
        | MemoryError::InvalidOffset { .. }
        | MemoryError::InvalidEntry { .. } => CraneliftTrap::User(TrapCode::HEAP_OUT_OF_BOUNDS),
        MemoryError::OutOfBoundsStore { mem_flags, .. }
        | MemoryError::OutOfBoundsLoad { mem_flags, .. } => CraneliftTrap::User(
            mem_flags
                .trap_code()
                .expect("op with notrap flag should not trap"),
        ),
        MemoryError::MisalignedLoad { .. } => CraneliftTrap::HeapMisaligned,
        MemoryError::MisalignedStore { .. } => CraneliftTrap::HeapMisaligned,
    };

    // Assigns or traps depending on the value of the result
    let assign_or_memtrap = |res| match res {
        Ok(v) => assign(v),
        Err(e) => ControlFlow::Trap(memerror_to_trap(e)),
    };

    // Continues or traps depending on the value of the result
    let continue_or_memtrap = |res| match res {
        Ok(_) => ControlFlow::Continue,
        Err(e) => ControlFlow::Trap(memerror_to_trap(e)),
    };

    let calculate_addr =
        |addr_ty: Type, imm: DataValue, args: SmallVec<[DataValue; 1]>| -> ValueResult<u64> {
            let imm = imm.convert(ValueConversionKind::ZeroExtend(addr_ty))?;
            let args = args
                .into_iter()
                .map(|v| v.convert(ValueConversionKind::ZeroExtend(addr_ty)))
                .collect::<ValueResult<SmallVec<[DataValue; 1]>>>()?;

            Ok(sum_unsigned(imm, args)? as u64)
        };

    // Interpret a unary instruction with the given `op`, assigning the resulting value to the
    // instruction's results.
    let unary =
        |op: fn(DataValue) -> ValueResult<DataValue>, arg: DataValue| -> ValueResult<ControlFlow> {
            let ctrl_ty = inst_context.controlling_type().unwrap();
            let res = unary_arith(arg, ctrl_ty, op)?;
            Ok(assign(res))
        };

    // Interpret a binary instruction with the given `op`, assigning the resulting value to the
    // instruction's results.
    let binary = |op: fn(DataValue, DataValue) -> ValueResult<DataValue>,
                  left: DataValue,
                  right: DataValue|
     -> ValueResult<ControlFlow> {
        let ctrl_ty = inst_context.controlling_type().unwrap();
        let res = binary_arith(left, right, ctrl_ty, op)?;
        Ok(assign(res))
    };

    // Similar to `binary` but converts select `ValueError`'s into trap `ControlFlow`'s
    let binary_can_trap = |op: fn(DataValue, DataValue) -> ValueResult<DataValue>,
                           left: DataValue,
                           right: DataValue|
     -> ValueResult<ControlFlow> {
        let ctrl_ty = inst_context.controlling_type().unwrap();
        let res = binary_arith(left, right, ctrl_ty, op);
        assign_or_trap(res)
    };

    // Choose whether to assign `left` or `right` to the instruction's result based on a `condition`.
    let choose = |condition: bool, left: DataValue, right: DataValue| -> ControlFlow {
        assign(if condition { left } else { right })
    };

    // Retrieve an instruction's branch destination; expects the instruction to be a branch.

    let continue_at = |block: BlockCall| {
        let branch_args = collect_block_args(
            state.current_frame(),
            block.args(&state.get_current_function().dfg.value_lists),
        );
        Ok(ControlFlow::ContinueAt(
            block.block(&state.get_current_function().dfg.value_lists),
            branch_args,
        ))
    };

    // Based on `condition`, indicate where to continue the control flow.
    #[expect(unused_variables, reason = "here in case it's needed in the future")]
    let branch_when = |condition: bool, block| -> Result<ControlFlow, StepError> {
        if condition {
            continue_at(block)
        } else {
            Ok(ControlFlow::Continue)
        }
    };

    // Retrieve an instruction's trap code; expects the instruction to be a trap.
    let trap_code = || -> TrapCode { inst.trap_code().unwrap() };

    // Based on `condition`, either trap or not.
    let trap_when = |condition: bool, trap: CraneliftTrap| -> ControlFlow {
        if condition {
            ControlFlow::Trap(trap)
        } else {
            ControlFlow::Continue
        }
    };

    // Calls a function reference with the given arguments.
    let call_func =
        |func_ref: InterpreterFunctionRef<'a>,
         args: SmallVec<[DataValue; 1]>,
         make_ctrl_flow: fn(&'a Function, SmallVec<[DataValue; 1]>) -> ControlFlow<'a>|
         -> Result<ControlFlow<'a>, StepError> {
            let signature = func_ref.signature();

            // Check the types of the arguments. This is usually done by the verifier, but nothing
            // guarantees that the user has ran that.
            let args_match = validate_signature_params(&signature.params[..], &args[..]);
            if !args_match {
                return Ok(ControlFlow::Trap(CraneliftTrap::BadSignature));
            }

            Ok(match func_ref {
                InterpreterFunctionRef::Function(func) => make_ctrl_flow(func, args),
                InterpreterFunctionRef::LibCall(libcall) => {
                    debug_assert!(
                        !matches!(
                            inst.opcode(),
                            Opcode::ReturnCall | Opcode::ReturnCallIndirect,
                        ),
                        "Cannot tail call to libcalls"
                    );
                    let libcall_handler = state.get_libcall_handler();

                    // We don't transfer control to a libcall, we just execute it and return the results
                    let res = libcall_handler(libcall, args);
                    let res = match res {
                        Err(trap) => return Ok(ControlFlow::Trap(trap)),
                        Ok(rets) => rets,
                    };

                    // Check that what the handler returned is what we expect.
                    if validate_signature_params(&signature.returns[..], &res[..]) {
                        ControlFlow::Assign(res)
                    } else {
                        ControlFlow::Trap(CraneliftTrap::BadSignature)
                    }
                }
            })
        };

    // Interpret a Cranelift instruction.
    Ok(match inst.opcode() {
        Opcode::Jump => {
            if let InstructionData::Jump { destination, .. } = inst {
                continue_at(destination)?
            } else {
                unreachable!()
            }
        }
        Opcode::Brif => {
            if let InstructionData::Brif {
                arg,
                blocks: [block_then, block_else],
                ..
            } = inst
            {
                let arg = state.current_frame().get(arg).clone();

                let condition = arg.convert(ValueConversionKind::ToBoolean)?.into_bool()?;

                if condition {
                    continue_at(block_then)?
                } else {
                    continue_at(block_else)?
                }
            } else {
                unreachable!()
            }
        }
        Opcode::BrTable => {
            if let InstructionData::BranchTable { table, .. } = inst {
                let jt_data = &state.get_current_function().stencil.dfg.jump_tables[table];

                // Convert to usize to remove negative indexes from the following operations
                let jump_target = usize::try_from(arg(0).into_int_unsigned()?)
                    .ok()
                    .and_then(|i| jt_data.as_slice().get(i))
                    .copied()
                    .unwrap_or(jt_data.default_block());

                continue_at(jump_target)?
            } else {
                unreachable!()
            }
        }
        Opcode::Trap => ControlFlow::Trap(CraneliftTrap::User(trap_code())),
        Opcode::Debugtrap => ControlFlow::Trap(CraneliftTrap::Debug),
        Opcode::Trapz => trap_when(!arg(0).into_bool()?, CraneliftTrap::User(trap_code())),
        Opcode::Trapnz => trap_when(arg(0).into_bool()?, CraneliftTrap::User(trap_code())),
        Opcode::Return => ControlFlow::Return(args()),
        Opcode::Call | Opcode::ReturnCall => {
            let func_ref = if let InstructionData::Call { func_ref, .. } = inst {
                func_ref
            } else {
                unreachable!()
            };

            let curr_func = state.get_current_function();
            let ext_data = curr_func
                .dfg
                .ext_funcs
                .get(func_ref)
                .ok_or(StepError::UnknownFunction(func_ref))?;

            let args = args();
            let func = match ext_data.name {
                // These functions should be registered in the regular function store
                ExternalName::User(_) | ExternalName::TestCase(_) => {
                    let function = state
                        .get_function(func_ref)
                        .ok_or(StepError::UnknownFunction(func_ref))?;
                    InterpreterFunctionRef::Function(function)
                }
                ExternalName::LibCall(libcall) => InterpreterFunctionRef::LibCall(libcall),
                ExternalName::KnownSymbol(_) => unimplemented!(),
            };

            let make_control_flow = match inst.opcode() {
                Opcode::Call => ControlFlow::Call,
                Opcode::ReturnCall => ControlFlow::ReturnCall,
                _ => unreachable!(),
            };

            call_func(func, args, make_control_flow)?
        }
        Opcode::CallIndirect | Opcode::ReturnCallIndirect => {
            let args = args();
            let addr_dv = DataValue::I64(arg(0).into_int_unsigned()? as i64);
            let addr = Address::try_from(addr_dv.clone()).map_err(StepError::MemoryError)?;

            let func = state
                .get_function_from_address(addr)
                .ok_or_else(|| StepError::MemoryError(MemoryError::InvalidAddress(addr_dv)))?;

            let call_args: SmallVec<[DataValue; 1]> = SmallVec::from(&args[1..]);

            let make_control_flow = match inst.opcode() {
                Opcode::CallIndirect => ControlFlow::Call,
                Opcode::ReturnCallIndirect => ControlFlow::ReturnCall,
                _ => unreachable!(),
            };

            call_func(func, call_args, make_control_flow)?
        }
        Opcode::FuncAddr => {
            let func_ref = if let InstructionData::FuncAddr { func_ref, .. } = inst {
                func_ref
            } else {
                unreachable!()
            };

            let ext_data = state
                .get_current_function()
                .dfg
                .ext_funcs
                .get(func_ref)
                .ok_or(StepError::UnknownFunction(func_ref))?;

            let addr_ty = inst_context.controlling_type().unwrap();
            assign_or_memtrap({
                AddressSize::try_from(addr_ty).and_then(|addr_size| {
                    let addr = state.function_address(addr_size, &ext_data.name)?;
                    let dv = DataValue::try_from(addr)?;
                    Ok(dv)
                })
            })
        }
        Opcode::Load
        | Opcode::Uload8
        | Opcode::Sload8
        | Opcode::Uload16
        | Opcode::Sload16
        | Opcode::Uload32
        | Opcode::Sload32
        | Opcode::Uload8x8
        | Opcode::Sload8x8
        | Opcode::Uload16x4
        | Opcode::Sload16x4
        | Opcode::Uload32x2
        | Opcode::Sload32x2 => {
            let ctrl_ty = inst_context.controlling_type().unwrap();
            let (load_ty, kind) = match inst.opcode() {
                Opcode::Load => (ctrl_ty, None),
                Opcode::Uload8 => (types::I8, Some(ValueConversionKind::ZeroExtend(ctrl_ty))),
                Opcode::Sload8 => (types::I8, Some(ValueConversionKind::SignExtend(ctrl_ty))),
                Opcode::Uload16 => (types::I16, Some(ValueConversionKind::ZeroExtend(ctrl_ty))),
                Opcode::Sload16 => (types::I16, Some(ValueConversionKind::SignExtend(ctrl_ty))),
                Opcode::Uload32 => (types::I32, Some(ValueConversionKind::ZeroExtend(ctrl_ty))),
                Opcode::Sload32 => (types::I32, Some(ValueConversionKind::SignExtend(ctrl_ty))),
                Opcode::Uload8x8
                | Opcode::Sload8x8
                | Opcode::Uload16x4
                | Opcode::Sload16x4
                | Opcode::Uload32x2
                | Opcode::Sload32x2 => unimplemented!(),
                _ => unreachable!(),
            };

            let addr_value = calculate_addr(types::I64, imm(), args())?;
            let mem_flags = resolve_memflags();
            let loaded = assign_or_memtrap(
                Address::try_from(addr_value)
                    .and_then(|addr| state.checked_load(addr, load_ty, mem_flags)),
            );

            match (loaded, kind) {
                (ControlFlow::Assign(ret), Some(c)) => ControlFlow::Assign(
                    ret.into_iter()
                        .map(|loaded| loaded.convert(c.clone()))
                        .collect::<ValueResult<SmallVec<[DataValue; 1]>>>()?,
                ),
                (cf, _) => cf,
            }
        }
        Opcode::Store | Opcode::Istore8 | Opcode::Istore16 | Opcode::Istore32 => {
            let kind = match inst.opcode() {
                Opcode::Store => None,
                Opcode::Istore8 => Some(ValueConversionKind::Truncate(types::I8)),
                Opcode::Istore16 => Some(ValueConversionKind::Truncate(types::I16)),
                Opcode::Istore32 => Some(ValueConversionKind::Truncate(types::I32)),
                _ => unreachable!(),
            };

            let addr_value = calculate_addr(types::I64, imm(), args_range(1..)?)?;
            let mem_flags = resolve_memflags();
            let reduced = if let Some(c) = kind {
                arg(0).convert(c)?
            } else {
                arg(0)
            };
            continue_or_memtrap(
                Address::try_from(addr_value)
                    .and_then(|addr| state.checked_store(addr, reduced, mem_flags)),
            )
        }
        Opcode::StackAddr => {
            let load_ty = inst_context.controlling_type().unwrap();
            let slot = inst.stack_slot().unwrap();
            let offset = sum_unsigned(imm(), args())? as u64;
            assign_or_memtrap({
                AddressSize::try_from(load_ty).and_then(|addr_size| {
                    let addr = state.stack_address(addr_size, slot, offset)?;
                    let dv = DataValue::try_from(addr)?;
                    Ok(dv)
                })
            })
        }
        Opcode::DynamicStackAddr => unimplemented!("DynamicStackSlot"),
        Opcode::SymbolValue | Opcode::TlsValue => {
            if let InstructionData::UnaryGlobalValue { global_value, .. } = inst {
                assign_or_memtrap(state.resolve_global_value(global_value))
            } else {
                unreachable!()
            }
        }
        Opcode::GetPinnedReg => assign(state.get_pinned_reg()),
        Opcode::SetPinnedReg => {
            let arg0 = arg(0);
            state.set_pinned_reg(arg0);
            ControlFlow::Continue
        }
        Opcode::Iconst => assign(DataValueExt::int(imm().into_int_signed()?, ctrl_ty)?),
        Opcode::F16const => assign(imm()),
        Opcode::F32const => assign(imm()),
        Opcode::F64const => assign(imm()),
        Opcode::F128const => assign(imm()),
        Opcode::Vconst => assign(imm()),
        Opcode::Nop => ControlFlow::Continue,
        Opcode::Select | Opcode::SelectSpectreGuard => choose(arg(0).into_bool()?, arg(1), arg(2)),
        Opcode::Bitselect => assign(bitselect(arg(0), arg(1), arg(2))?),
        Opcode::Icmp => assign(icmp(ctrl_ty, inst.cond_code().unwrap(), &arg(0), &arg(1))?),
        Opcode::Smin => {
            if ctrl_ty.is_vector() {
                let icmp = icmp(ctrl_ty, IntCC::SignedGreaterThan, &arg(1), &arg(0))?;
                assign(bitselect(icmp, arg(0), arg(1))?)
            } else {
                assign(arg(0).smin(arg(1))?)
            }
        }
        Opcode::Umin => {
            if ctrl_ty.is_vector() {
                let icmp = icmp(ctrl_ty, IntCC::UnsignedGreaterThan, &arg(1), &arg(0))?;
                assign(bitselect(icmp, arg(0), arg(1))?)
            } else {
                assign(arg(0).umin(arg(1))?)
            }
        }
        Opcode::Smax => {
            if ctrl_ty.is_vector() {
                let icmp = icmp(ctrl_ty, IntCC::SignedGreaterThan, &arg(0), &arg(1))?;
                assign(bitselect(icmp, arg(0), arg(1))?)
            } else {
                assign(arg(0).smax(arg(1))?)
            }
        }
        Opcode::Umax => {
            if ctrl_ty.is_vector() {
                let icmp = icmp(ctrl_ty, IntCC::UnsignedGreaterThan, &arg(0), &arg(1))?;
                assign(bitselect(icmp, arg(0), arg(1))?)
            } else {
                assign(arg(0).umax(arg(1))?)
            }
        }
        Opcode::AvgRound => {
            let sum = DataValueExt::add(arg(0), arg(1))?;
            let one = DataValueExt::int(1, arg(0).ty())?;
            let inc = DataValueExt::add(sum, one)?;
            let two = DataValueExt::int(2, arg(0).ty())?;
            binary(DataValueExt::udiv, inc, two)?
        }
        Opcode::Iadd => binary(DataValueExt::add, arg(0), arg(1))?,
        Opcode::UaddSat => assign(binary_arith(
            arg(0),
            arg(1),
            ctrl_ty,
            DataValueExt::uadd_sat,
        )?),
        Opcode::SaddSat => assign(binary_arith(
            arg(0),
            arg(1),
            ctrl_ty,
            DataValueExt::sadd_sat,
        )?),
        Opcode::Isub => binary(DataValueExt::sub, arg(0), arg(1))?,
        Opcode::UsubSat => assign(binary_arith(
            arg(0),
            arg(1),
            ctrl_ty,
            DataValueExt::usub_sat,
        )?),
        Opcode::SsubSat => assign(binary_arith(
            arg(0),
            arg(1),
            ctrl_ty,
            DataValueExt::ssub_sat,
        )?),
        Opcode::Ineg => binary(DataValueExt::sub, DataValueExt::int(0, ctrl_ty)?, arg(0))?,
        Opcode::Iabs => {
            let (min_val, _) = ctrl_ty.lane_type().bounds(true);
            let min_val: DataValue = DataValueExt::int(min_val as i128, ctrl_ty.lane_type())?;
            let arg0 = extractlanes(&arg(0), ctrl_ty)?;
            let new_vec = arg0
                .into_iter()
                .map(|lane| {
                    if lane == min_val {
                        Ok(min_val.clone())
                    } else {
                        DataValueExt::int(lane.into_int_signed()?.abs(), ctrl_ty.lane_type())
                    }
                })
                .collect::<ValueResult<SimdVec<DataValue>>>()?;
            assign(vectorizelanes(&new_vec, ctrl_ty)?)
        }
        Opcode::Imul => binary(DataValueExt::mul, arg(0), arg(1))?,
        Opcode::Umulhi | Opcode::Smulhi => {
            let double_length = match ctrl_ty.lane_bits() {
                8 => types::I16,
                16 => types::I32,
                32 => types::I64,
                64 => types::I128,
                _ => unimplemented!("Unsupported integer length {}", ctrl_ty.bits()),
            };
            let conv_type = if inst.opcode() == Opcode::Umulhi {
                ValueConversionKind::ZeroExtend(double_length)
            } else {
                ValueConversionKind::SignExtend(double_length)
            };
            let arg0 = extractlanes(&arg(0), ctrl_ty)?;
            let arg1 = extractlanes(&arg(1), ctrl_ty)?;

            let res = arg0
                .into_iter()
                .zip(arg1)
                .map(|(x, y)| {
                    let x = x.convert(conv_type.clone())?;
                    let y = y.convert(conv_type.clone())?;

                    Ok(DataValueExt::mul(x, y)?
                        .convert(ValueConversionKind::ExtractUpper(ctrl_ty.lane_type()))?)
                })
                .collect::<ValueResult<SimdVec<DataValue>>>()?;

            assign(vectorizelanes(&res, ctrl_ty)?)
        }
        Opcode::Udiv => binary_can_trap(DataValueExt::udiv, arg(0), arg(1))?,
        Opcode::Sdiv => binary_can_trap(DataValueExt::sdiv, arg(0), arg(1))?,
        Opcode::Urem => binary_can_trap(DataValueExt::urem, arg(0), arg(1))?,
        Opcode::Srem => binary_can_trap(DataValueExt::srem, arg(0), arg(1))?,
        Opcode::UaddOverflow => {
            let (sum, carry) = arg(0).uadd_overflow(arg(1))?;
            assign_multiple(&[sum, DataValueExt::bool(carry, false, types::I8)?])
        }
        Opcode::SaddOverflow => {
            let (sum, carry) = arg(0).sadd_overflow(arg(1))?;
            assign_multiple(&[sum, DataValueExt::bool(carry, false, types::I8)?])
        }
        Opcode::UsubOverflow => {
            let (sum, carry) = arg(0).usub_overflow(arg(1))?;
            assign_multiple(&[sum, DataValueExt::bool(carry, false, types::I8)?])
        }
        Opcode::SsubOverflow => {
            let (sum, carry) = arg(0).ssub_overflow(arg(1))?;
            assign_multiple(&[sum, DataValueExt::bool(carry, false, types::I8)?])
        }
        Opcode::UmulOverflow => {
            let (sum, carry) = arg(0).umul_overflow(arg(1))?;
            assign_multiple(&[sum, DataValueExt::bool(carry, false, types::I8)?])
        }
        Opcode::SmulOverflow => {
            let (sum, carry) = arg(0).smul_overflow(arg(1))?;
            assign_multiple(&[sum, DataValueExt::bool(carry, false, types::I8)?])
        }
        Opcode::SaddOverflowCin => {
            let (mut sum, mut carry) = arg(0).sadd_overflow(arg(1))?;

            if DataValueExt::into_bool(arg(2))? {
                let (sum2, carry2) = sum.sadd_overflow(DataValueExt::int(1, ctrl_ty)?)?;
                carry |= carry2;
                sum = sum2;
            }

            assign_multiple(&[sum, DataValueExt::bool(carry, false, types::I8)?])
        }
        Opcode::UaddOverflowCin => {
            let (mut sum, mut carry) = arg(0).uadd_overflow(arg(1))?;

            if DataValueExt::into_bool(arg(2))? {
                let (sum2, carry2) = sum.uadd_overflow(DataValueExt::int(1, ctrl_ty)?)?;
                carry |= carry2;
                sum = sum2;
            }

            assign_multiple(&[sum, DataValueExt::bool(carry, false, types::I8)?])
        }
        Opcode::UaddOverflowTrap => {
            if let Some(sum) = DataValueExt::uadd_checked(arg(0), arg(1))? {
                assign(sum)
            } else {
                ControlFlow::Trap(CraneliftTrap::User(trap_code()))
            }
        }
        Opcode::SsubOverflowBin => {
            let (mut sub, mut carry) = arg(0).ssub_overflow(arg(1))?;

            if DataValueExt::into_bool(arg(2))? {
                let (sub2, carry2) = sub.ssub_overflow(DataValueExt::int(1, ctrl_ty)?)?;
                carry |= carry2;
                sub = sub2;
            }

            assign_multiple(&[sub, DataValueExt::bool(carry, false, types::I8)?])
        }
        Opcode::UsubOverflowBin => {
            let (mut sub, mut carry) = arg(0).usub_overflow(arg(1))?;

            if DataValueExt::into_bool(arg(2))? {
                let (sub2, carry2) = sub.usub_overflow(DataValueExt::int(1, ctrl_ty)?)?;
                carry |= carry2;
                sub = sub2;
            }

            assign_multiple(&[sub, DataValueExt::bool(carry, false, types::I8)?])
        }
        Opcode::Band => binary(DataValueExt::and, arg(0), arg(1))?,
        Opcode::Bor => binary(DataValueExt::or, arg(0), arg(1))?,
        Opcode::Bxor => binary(DataValueExt::xor, arg(0), arg(1))?,
        Opcode::Bnot => unary(DataValueExt::not, arg(0))?,
        Opcode::Rotl => binary(DataValueExt::rotl, arg(0), shift_amt(ctrl_ty, arg(1))?)?,
        Opcode::Rotr => binary(DataValueExt::rotr, arg(0), shift_amt(ctrl_ty, arg(1))?)?,
        Opcode::Ishl => binary(DataValueExt::shl, arg(0), shift_amt(ctrl_ty, arg(1))?)?,
        Opcode::Ushr => binary(DataValueExt::ushr, arg(0), shift_amt(ctrl_ty, arg(1))?)?,
        Opcode::Sshr => binary(DataValueExt::sshr, arg(0), shift_amt(ctrl_ty, arg(1))?)?,
        Opcode::Bitrev => unary(DataValueExt::reverse_bits, arg(0))?,
        Opcode::Bswap => unary(DataValueExt::swap_bytes, arg(0))?,
        Opcode::Clz => unary(DataValueExt::leading_zeros, arg(0))?,
        Opcode::Cls => {
            let count = if arg(0) < DataValueExt::int(0, ctrl_ty)? {
                arg(0).leading_ones()?
            } else {
                arg(0).leading_zeros()?
            };
            assign(DataValueExt::sub(count, DataValueExt::int(1, ctrl_ty)?)?)
        }
        Opcode::Ctz => unary(DataValueExt::trailing_zeros, arg(0))?,
        Opcode::Popcnt => {
            let count = if arg(0).ty().is_int() {
                arg(0).count_ones()?
            } else {
                let lanes = extractlanes(&arg(0), ctrl_ty)?
                    .into_iter()
                    .map(|lane| lane.count_ones())
                    .collect::<ValueResult<SimdVec<DataValue>>>()?;
                vectorizelanes(&lanes, ctrl_ty)?
            };
            assign(count)
        }

        Opcode::Fcmp => {
            let arg0 = extractlanes(&arg(0), ctrl_ty)?;
            let arg1 = extractlanes(&arg(1), ctrl_ty)?;

            assign(vectorizelanes(
                &(arg0
                    .into_iter()
                    .zip(arg1)
                    .map(|(x, y)| {
                        DataValue::bool(
                            fcmp(inst.fp_cond_code().unwrap(), &x, &y).unwrap(),
                            ctrl_ty.is_vector(),
                            ctrl_ty.lane_type().as_truthy(),
                        )
                    })
                    .collect::<ValueResult<SimdVec<DataValue>>>()?),
                ctrl_ty,
            )?)
        }
        Opcode::Fadd => binary(DataValueExt::add, arg(0), arg(1))?,
        Opcode::Fsub => binary(DataValueExt::sub, arg(0), arg(1))?,
        Opcode::Fmul => binary(DataValueExt::mul, arg(0), arg(1))?,
        Opcode::Fdiv => binary(DataValueExt::sdiv, arg(0), arg(1))?,
        Opcode::Sqrt => unary(DataValueExt::sqrt, arg(0))?,
        Opcode::Fma => {
            let arg0 = extractlanes(&arg(0), ctrl_ty)?;
            let arg1 = extractlanes(&arg(1), ctrl_ty)?;
            let arg2 = extractlanes(&arg(2), ctrl_ty)?;

            assign(vectorizelanes(
                &(arg0
                    .into_iter()
                    .zip(arg1)
                    .zip(arg2)
                    .map(|((x, y), z)| DataValueExt::fma(x, y, z))
                    .collect::<ValueResult<SimdVec<DataValue>>>()?),
                ctrl_ty,
            )?)
        }
        Opcode::Fneg => unary(DataValueExt::neg, arg(0))?,
        Opcode::Fabs => unary(DataValueExt::abs, arg(0))?,
        Opcode::Fcopysign => binary(DataValueExt::copysign, arg(0), arg(1))?,
        Opcode::Fmin => {
            let scalar_min = |a: DataValue, b: DataValue| -> ValueResult<DataValue> {
                Ok(match (a, b) {
                    (a, _) if a.is_nan()? => a,
                    (_, b) if b.is_nan()? => b,
                    (a, b) if a.is_zero()? && b.is_zero()? && a.is_negative()? => a,
                    (a, b) if a.is_zero()? && b.is_zero()? && b.is_negative()? => b,
                    (a, b) => a.smin(b)?,
                })
            };

            if ctrl_ty.is_vector() {
                let arg0 = extractlanes(&arg(0), ctrl_ty)?;
                let arg1 = extractlanes(&arg(1), ctrl_ty)?;

                assign(vectorizelanes(
                    &(arg0
                        .into_iter()
                        .zip(arg1)
                        .map(|(a, b)| scalar_min(a, b))
                        .collect::<ValueResult<SimdVec<DataValue>>>()?),
                    ctrl_ty,
                )?)
            } else {
                assign(scalar_min(arg(0), arg(1))?)
            }
        }
        Opcode::Fmax => {
            let scalar_max = |a: DataValue, b: DataValue| -> ValueResult<DataValue> {
                Ok(match (a, b) {
                    (a, _) if a.is_nan()? => a,
                    (_, b) if b.is_nan()? => b,
                    (a, b) if a.is_zero()? && b.is_zero()? && a.is_negative()? => b,
                    (a, b) if a.is_zero()? && b.is_zero()? && b.is_negative()? => a,
                    (a, b) => a.smax(b)?,
                })
            };

            if ctrl_ty.is_vector() {
                let arg0 = extractlanes(&arg(0), ctrl_ty)?;
                let arg1 = extractlanes(&arg(1), ctrl_ty)?;

                assign(vectorizelanes(
                    &(arg0
                        .into_iter()
                        .zip(arg1)
                        .map(|(a, b)| scalar_max(a, b))
                        .collect::<ValueResult<SimdVec<DataValue>>>()?),
                    ctrl_ty,
                )?)
            } else {
                assign(scalar_max(arg(0), arg(1))?)
            }
        }
        Opcode::Ceil => unary(DataValueExt::ceil, arg(0))?,
        Opcode::Floor => unary(DataValueExt::floor, arg(0))?,
        Opcode::Trunc => unary(DataValueExt::trunc, arg(0))?,
        Opcode::Nearest => unary(DataValueExt::nearest, arg(0))?,
        Opcode::Bitcast | Opcode::ScalarToVector => {
            let input_ty = inst_context.type_of(inst_context.args()[0]).unwrap();
            let lanes = &if input_ty.is_vector() {
                assert_eq!(
                    resolve_memflags().endianness(Endianness::Little),
                    Endianness::Little,
                    "Only little endian bitcasts on vectors are supported"
                );
                extractlanes(&arg(0), ctrl_ty)?
            } else {
                extractlanes(&arg(0), input_ty)?
                    .into_iter()
                    .map(|x| DataValue::convert(x, ValueConversionKind::Exact(ctrl_ty.lane_type())))
                    .collect::<ValueResult<SimdVec<DataValue>>>()?
            };
            assign(match inst.opcode() {
                Opcode::Bitcast => vectorizelanes(lanes, ctrl_ty)?,
                Opcode::ScalarToVector => vectorizelanes_all(lanes, ctrl_ty)?,
                _ => unreachable!(),
            })
        }
        Opcode::Ireduce => assign(DataValueExt::convert(
            arg(0),
            ValueConversionKind::Truncate(ctrl_ty),
        )?),
        Opcode::Snarrow | Opcode::Unarrow | Opcode::Uunarrow => {
            let arg0 = extractlanes(&arg(0), ctrl_ty)?;
            let arg1 = extractlanes(&arg(1), ctrl_ty)?;
            let new_type = ctrl_ty.split_lanes().unwrap();
            let (min, max) = new_type.bounds(inst.opcode() == Opcode::Snarrow);
            let min: DataValue = DataValueExt::int(min as i128, ctrl_ty.lane_type())?;
            let max: DataValue = DataValueExt::int(max as i128, ctrl_ty.lane_type())?;
            let narrow = |mut lane: DataValue| -> ValueResult<DataValue> {
                if inst.opcode() == Opcode::Uunarrow {
                    lane = DataValueExt::umax(lane, min.clone())?;
                    lane = DataValueExt::umin(lane, max.clone())?;
                } else {
                    lane = DataValueExt::smax(lane, min.clone())?;
                    lane = DataValueExt::smin(lane, max.clone())?;
                }
                lane = lane.convert(ValueConversionKind::Truncate(new_type.lane_type()))?;
                Ok(lane)
            };
            let new_vec = arg0
                .into_iter()
                .chain(arg1)
                .map(|lane| narrow(lane))
                .collect::<ValueResult<Vec<_>>>()?;
            assign(vectorizelanes(&new_vec, new_type)?)
        }
        Opcode::Bmask => assign({
            let bool = arg(0);
            let bool_ty = ctrl_ty.as_truthy_pedantic();
            let lanes = extractlanes(&bool, bool_ty)?
                .into_iter()
                .map(|lane| lane.convert(ValueConversionKind::Mask(ctrl_ty.lane_type())))
                .collect::<ValueResult<SimdVec<DataValue>>>()?;
            vectorizelanes(&lanes, ctrl_ty)?
        }),
        Opcode::Sextend => assign(DataValueExt::convert(
            arg(0),
            ValueConversionKind::SignExtend(ctrl_ty),
        )?),
        Opcode::Uextend => assign(DataValueExt::convert(
            arg(0),
            ValueConversionKind::ZeroExtend(ctrl_ty),
        )?),
        Opcode::Fpromote => assign(DataValueExt::convert(
            arg(0),
            ValueConversionKind::Exact(ctrl_ty),
        )?),
        Opcode::Fdemote => assign(DataValueExt::convert(
            arg(0),
            ValueConversionKind::RoundNearestEven(ctrl_ty),
        )?),
        Opcode::Shuffle => {
            let mask = imm().into_array()?;
            let a = DataValueExt::into_array(&arg(0))?;
            let b = DataValueExt::into_array(&arg(1))?;
            let mut new = [0u8; 16];
            for i in 0..mask.len() {
                if (mask[i] as usize) < a.len() {
                    new[i] = a[mask[i] as usize];
                } else if (mask[i] as usize - a.len()) < b.len() {
                    new[i] = b[mask[i] as usize - a.len()];
                } // else leave as 0.
            }
            assign(DataValueExt::vector(new, types::I8X16)?)
        }
        Opcode::Swizzle => {
            let x = DataValueExt::into_array(&arg(0))?;
            let s = DataValueExt::into_array(&arg(1))?;
            let mut new = [0u8; 16];
            for i in 0..new.len() {
                if (s[i] as usize) < new.len() {
                    new[i] = x[s[i] as usize];
                } // else leave as 0
            }
            assign(DataValueExt::vector(new, types::I8X16)?)
        }
        Opcode::Splat => assign(splat(ctrl_ty, arg(0))?),
        Opcode::Insertlane => {
            let idx = imm().into_int_unsigned()? as usize;
            let mut vector = extractlanes(&arg(0), ctrl_ty)?;
            vector[idx] = arg(1);
            assign(vectorizelanes(&vector, ctrl_ty)?)
        }
        Opcode::Extractlane => {
            let idx = imm().into_int_unsigned()? as usize;
            let lanes = extractlanes(&arg(0), ctrl_ty)?;
            assign(lanes[idx].clone())
        }
        Opcode::VhighBits => {
            // `ctrl_ty` controls the return type for this, so the input type
            // must be retrieved via `inst_context`.
            let vector_type = inst_context
                .type_of(inst_context.args()[0])
                .unwrap()
                .as_int();
            let a = extractlanes(&arg(0), vector_type)?;
            let mut result: u128 = 0;
            for (i, val) in a.into_iter().enumerate() {
                let val = val.reverse_bits()?.into_int_unsigned()?; // MSB -> LSB
                result |= (val & 1) << i;
            }
            assign(DataValueExt::int(result as i128, ctrl_ty)?)
        }
        Opcode::VanyTrue => {
            let simd_ty = ctrl_ty.as_int();
            let lane_ty = simd_ty.lane_type();
            let init = DataValue::bool(false, true, lane_ty)?;
            let any = fold_vector(arg(0), simd_ty, init.clone(), |acc, lane| acc.or(lane))?;
            assign(DataValue::bool(any != init, false, types::I8)?)
        }
        Opcode::VallTrue => assign(DataValue::bool(
            !(arg(0)
                .iter_lanes(ctrl_ty.as_int())?
                .try_fold(false, |acc, lane| {
                    Ok::<bool, ValueError>(acc | lane.is_zero()?)
                })?),
            false,
            types::I8,
        )?),
        Opcode::SwidenLow | Opcode::SwidenHigh | Opcode::UwidenLow | Opcode::UwidenHigh => {
            let new_type = ctrl_ty.merge_lanes().unwrap();
            let conv_type = match inst.opcode() {
                Opcode::SwidenLow | Opcode::SwidenHigh => {
                    ValueConversionKind::SignExtend(new_type.lane_type())
                }
                Opcode::UwidenLow | Opcode::UwidenHigh => {
                    ValueConversionKind::ZeroExtend(new_type.lane_type())
                }
                _ => unreachable!(),
            };
            let vec_iter = extractlanes(&arg(0), ctrl_ty)?.into_iter();
            let new_vec = match inst.opcode() {
                Opcode::SwidenLow | Opcode::UwidenLow => vec_iter
                    .take(new_type.lane_count() as usize)
                    .map(|lane| lane.convert(conv_type.clone()))
                    .collect::<ValueResult<Vec<_>>>()?,
                Opcode::SwidenHigh | Opcode::UwidenHigh => vec_iter
                    .skip(new_type.lane_count() as usize)
                    .map(|lane| lane.convert(conv_type.clone()))
                    .collect::<ValueResult<Vec<_>>>()?,
                _ => unreachable!(),
            };
            assign(vectorizelanes(&new_vec, new_type)?)
        }
        Opcode::FcvtToUint | Opcode::FcvtToSint => {
            // NaN check
            if arg(0).is_nan()? {
                return Ok(ControlFlow::Trap(CraneliftTrap::User(
                    TrapCode::BAD_CONVERSION_TO_INTEGER,
                )));
            }
            let x = arg(0).into_float()? as i128;
            let is_signed = inst.opcode() == Opcode::FcvtToSint;
            let (min, max) = ctrl_ty.bounds(is_signed);
            let overflow = if is_signed {
                x < (min as i128) || x > (max as i128)
            } else {
                x < 0 || (x as u128) > max
            };
            // bounds check
            if overflow {
                return Ok(ControlFlow::Trap(CraneliftTrap::User(
                    TrapCode::INTEGER_OVERFLOW,
                )));
            }
            // perform the conversion.
            assign(DataValueExt::int(x, ctrl_ty)?)
        }
        Opcode::FcvtToUintSat | Opcode::FcvtToSintSat => {
            let in_ty = inst_context.type_of(inst_context.args()[0]).unwrap();
            let cvt = |x: DataValue| -> ValueResult<DataValue> {
                // NaN check
                if x.is_nan()? {
                    DataValue::int(0, ctrl_ty.lane_type())
                } else {
                    let is_signed = inst.opcode() == Opcode::FcvtToSintSat;
                    let (min, max) = ctrl_ty.bounds(is_signed);
                    let x = x.into_float()? as i128;
                    let x = if is_signed {
                        let x = i128::max(x, min as i128);
                        let x = i128::min(x, max as i128);
                        x
                    } else {
                        let x = if x < 0 { 0 } else { x };
                        let x = u128::min(x as u128, max);
                        x as i128
                    };

                    DataValue::int(x, ctrl_ty.lane_type())
                }
            };

            let x = extractlanes(&arg(0), in_ty)?;

            assign(vectorizelanes(
                &x.into_iter()
                    .map(cvt)
                    .collect::<ValueResult<SimdVec<DataValue>>>()?,
                ctrl_ty,
            )?)
        }
        Opcode::FcvtFromUint | Opcode::FcvtFromSint => {
            let x = extractlanes(
                &arg(0),
                inst_context.type_of(inst_context.args()[0]).unwrap(),
            )?;
            let bits = |x: DataValue| -> ValueResult<u64> {
                Ok(match ctrl_ty.lane_type() {
                    types::F16 => {
                        let v = if inst.opcode() == Opcode::FcvtFromUint {
                            x.into_int_unsigned()? as f32
                        } else {
                            x.into_int_signed()? as f32
                        };
                        Ieee16::from_f32_rne(v).bits() as u64
                    }
                    types::F32 => (if inst.opcode() == Opcode::FcvtFromUint {
                        x.into_int_unsigned()? as f32
                    } else {
                        x.into_int_signed()? as f32
                    })
                    .to_bits() as u64,
                    types::F64 => (if inst.opcode() == Opcode::FcvtFromUint {
                        x.into_int_unsigned()? as f64
                    } else {
                        x.into_int_signed()? as f64
                    })
                    .to_bits(),
                    _ => unimplemented!("unexpected conversion to {:?}", ctrl_ty.lane_type()),
                })
            };
            assign(vectorizelanes(
                &x.into_iter()
                    .map(|x| DataValue::float(bits(x)?, ctrl_ty.lane_type()))
                    .collect::<ValueResult<SimdVec<DataValue>>>()?,
                ctrl_ty,
            )?)
        }
        Opcode::FvpromoteLow => {
            let in_ty = inst_context.type_of(inst_context.args()[0]).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(in_ty, types::F32X4);
            let out_ty = types::F64X2;
            let x = extractlanes(&arg(0), in_ty)?;
            assign(vectorizelanes(
                &x[..(out_ty.lane_count() as usize)]
                    .into_iter()
                    .map(|x| {
                        DataValue::convert(
                            x.to_owned(),
                            ValueConversionKind::Exact(out_ty.lane_type()),
                        )
                    })
                    .collect::<ValueResult<SimdVec<DataValue>>>()?,
                out_ty,
            )?)
        }
        Opcode::Fvdemote => {
            let in_ty = inst_context.type_of(inst_context.args()[0]).unwrap();
            assert_eq!(in_ty, types::F64X2);
            let out_ty = types::F32X4;
            let x = extractlanes(&arg(0), in_ty)?;
            let x = &mut x
                .into_iter()
                .map(|x| {
                    DataValue::convert(x, ValueConversionKind::RoundNearestEven(out_ty.lane_type()))
                })
                .collect::<ValueResult<SimdVec<DataValue>>>()?;
            // zero the high bits.
            for _ in 0..(out_ty.lane_count() as usize - x.len()) {
                x.push(DataValue::float(0, out_ty.lane_type())?);
            }
            assign(vectorizelanes(x, out_ty)?)
        }
        Opcode::Isplit => assign_multiple(&[
            DataValueExt::convert(arg(0), ValueConversionKind::Truncate(types::I64))?,
            DataValueExt::convert(arg(0), ValueConversionKind::ExtractUpper(types::I64))?,
        ]),
        Opcode::Iconcat => assign(DataValueExt::concat(arg(0), arg(1))?),
        Opcode::AtomicRmw => {
            let op = inst.atomic_rmw_op().unwrap();
            let val = arg(1);
            let addr = arg(0).into_int_unsigned()? as u64;
            let mem_flags = resolve_memflags();
            let loaded = Address::try_from(addr)
                .and_then(|addr| state.checked_load(addr, ctrl_ty, mem_flags));
            let prev_val = match loaded {
                Ok(v) => v,
                Err(e) => return Ok(ControlFlow::Trap(memerror_to_trap(e))),
            };
            let prev_val_to_assign = prev_val.clone();
            let replace = match op {
                AtomicRmwOp::Xchg => Ok(val),
                AtomicRmwOp::Add => DataValueExt::add(prev_val, val),
                AtomicRmwOp::Sub => DataValueExt::sub(prev_val, val),
                AtomicRmwOp::And => DataValueExt::and(prev_val, val),
                AtomicRmwOp::Or => DataValueExt::or(prev_val, val),
                AtomicRmwOp::Xor => DataValueExt::xor(prev_val, val),
                AtomicRmwOp::Nand => DataValueExt::and(prev_val, val).and_then(DataValue::not),
                AtomicRmwOp::Smax => DataValueExt::smax(prev_val, val),
                AtomicRmwOp::Smin => DataValueExt::smin(prev_val, val),
                AtomicRmwOp::Umax => DataValueExt::umax(val, prev_val),
                AtomicRmwOp::Umin => DataValueExt::umin(val, prev_val),
            }?;
            let stored = Address::try_from(addr)
                .and_then(|addr| state.checked_store(addr, replace, mem_flags));
            assign_or_memtrap(stored.map(|_| prev_val_to_assign))
        }
        Opcode::AtomicCas => {
            let addr = arg(0).into_int_unsigned()? as u64;
            let mem_flags = resolve_memflags();
            let loaded = Address::try_from(addr)
                .and_then(|addr| state.checked_load(addr, ctrl_ty, mem_flags));
            let loaded_val = match loaded {
                Ok(v) => v,
                Err(e) => return Ok(ControlFlow::Trap(memerror_to_trap(e))),
            };
            let expected_val = arg(1);
            let val_to_assign = if loaded_val == expected_val {
                let val_to_store = arg(2);
                Address::try_from(addr)
                    .and_then(|addr| state.checked_store(addr, val_to_store, mem_flags))
                    .map(|_| loaded_val)
            } else {
                Ok(loaded_val)
            };
            assign_or_memtrap(val_to_assign)
        }
        Opcode::AtomicLoad => {
            let load_ty = inst_context.controlling_type().unwrap();
            let addr = arg(0).into_int_unsigned()? as u64;
            let mem_flags = resolve_memflags();
            // We are doing a regular load here, this isn't actually thread safe.
            assign_or_memtrap(
                Address::try_from(addr)
                    .and_then(|addr| state.checked_load(addr, load_ty, mem_flags)),
            )
        }
        Opcode::AtomicStore => {
            let val = arg(0);
            let addr = arg(1).into_int_unsigned()? as u64;
            let mem_flags = resolve_memflags();
            // We are doing a regular store here, this isn't actually thread safe.
            continue_or_memtrap(
                Address::try_from(addr).and_then(|addr| state.checked_store(addr, val, mem_flags)),
            )
        }
        Opcode::Fence => {
            // The interpreter always runs in a single threaded context, so we don't
            // actually need to emit a fence here.
            ControlFlow::Continue
        }
        Opcode::SqmulRoundSat => {
            let lane_type = ctrl_ty.lane_type();
            let double_width = ctrl_ty.double_width().unwrap().lane_type();
            let arg0 = extractlanes(&arg(0), ctrl_ty)?;
            let arg1 = extractlanes(&arg(1), ctrl_ty)?;
            let (min, max) = lane_type.bounds(true);
            let min: DataValue = DataValueExt::int(min as i128, double_width)?;
            let max: DataValue = DataValueExt::int(max as i128, double_width)?;
            let new_vec = arg0
                .into_iter()
                .zip(arg1)
                .map(|(x, y)| {
                    let x = x.into_int_signed()?;
                    let y = y.into_int_signed()?;
                    // temporarily double width of the value to avoid overflow.
                    let z: DataValue = DataValueExt::int(
                        (x * y + (1 << (lane_type.bits() - 2))) >> (lane_type.bits() - 1),
                        double_width,
                    )?;
                    // check bounds, saturate, and truncate to correct width.
                    let z = DataValueExt::smin(z, max.clone())?;
                    let z = DataValueExt::smax(z, min.clone())?;
                    let z = z.convert(ValueConversionKind::Truncate(lane_type))?;
                    Ok(z)
                })
                .collect::<ValueResult<SimdVec<_>>>()?;
            assign(vectorizelanes(&new_vec, ctrl_ty)?)
        }
        Opcode::IaddPairwise => {
            assign(binary_pairwise(arg(0), arg(1), ctrl_ty, DataValueExt::add)?)
        }
        Opcode::ExtractVector => {
            unimplemented!("ExtractVector not supported");
        }
        Opcode::GetFramePointer => unimplemented!("GetFramePointer"),
        Opcode::GetStackPointer => unimplemented!("GetStackPointer"),
        Opcode::GetReturnAddress => unimplemented!("GetReturnAddress"),
        Opcode::X86Pshufb => unimplemented!("X86Pshufb"),
        Opcode::Blendv => unimplemented!("Blendv"),
        Opcode::X86Pmulhrsw => unimplemented!("X86Pmulhrsw"),
        Opcode::X86Pmaddubsw => unimplemented!("X86Pmaddubsw"),
        Opcode::X86Cvtt2dq => unimplemented!("X86Cvtt2dq"),
        Opcode::StackSwitch => unimplemented!("StackSwitch"),

        Opcode::TryCall => unimplemented!("TryCall"),
        Opcode::TryCallIndirect => unimplemented!("TryCallIndirect"),

        Opcode::GetExceptionHandlerAddress => unimplemented!("GetExceptionHandlerAddress"),

        Opcode::SequencePoint => unimplemented!("SequencePoint"),
    })
}

#[derive(Error, Debug)]
pub enum StepError {
    #[error("unable to retrieve value from SSA reference: {0}")]
    UnknownValue(ValueRef),
    #[error("unable to find the following function: {0}")]
    UnknownFunction(FuncRef),
    #[error("cannot step with these values")]
    ValueError(#[from] ValueError),
    #[error("failed to access memory")]
    MemoryError(#[from] MemoryError),
}

/// Enumerate the ways in which the control flow can change based on a single step in a Cranelift
/// interpreter.
#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
pub enum ControlFlow<'a> {
    /// Return one or more values from an instruction to be assigned to a left-hand side, e.g.:
    /// in `v0 = iadd v1, v2`, the sum of `v1` and `v2` is assigned to `v0`.
    Assign(SmallVec<[DataValue; 1]>),
    /// Continue to the next available instruction, e.g.: in `nop`, we expect to resume execution
    /// at the instruction after it.
    Continue,
    /// Jump to another block with the given parameters, e.g.: in
    /// `brif v0, block42(v1, v2), block97`, if the condition is true, we continue execution at the
    /// first instruction of `block42` with the values in `v1` and `v2` filling in the block
    /// parameters.
    ContinueAt(Block, SmallVec<[DataValue; 1]>),
    /// Indicates a call the given [Function] with the supplied arguments.
    Call(&'a Function, SmallVec<[DataValue; 1]>),
    /// Indicates a tail call to the given [Function] with the supplied arguments.
    ReturnCall(&'a Function, SmallVec<[DataValue; 1]>),
    /// Return from the current function with the given parameters, e.g.: `return [v1, v2]`.
    Return(SmallVec<[DataValue; 1]>),
    /// Stop with a program-generated trap; note that these are distinct from errors that may occur
    /// during interpretation.
    Trap(CraneliftTrap),
}

#[derive(Error, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
pub enum CraneliftTrap {
    #[error("user code: {0}")]
    User(TrapCode),
    #[error("bad signature")]
    BadSignature,
    #[error("unreachable code has been reached")]
    UnreachableCodeReached,
    #[error("heap is misaligned")]
    HeapMisaligned,
    #[error("user debug")]
    Debug,
}

/// Compare two values using the given integer condition `code`.
fn icmp(
    ctrl_ty: types::Type,
    code: IntCC,
    left: &DataValue,
    right: &DataValue,
) -> ValueResult<DataValue> {
    let cmp = |bool_ty: types::Type,
               code: IntCC,
               left: &DataValue,
               right: &DataValue|
     -> ValueResult<DataValue> {
        Ok(DataValueExt::bool(
            match code {
                IntCC::Equal => left == right,
                IntCC::NotEqual => left != right,
                IntCC::SignedGreaterThan => left > right,
                IntCC::SignedGreaterThanOrEqual => left >= right,
                IntCC::SignedLessThan => left < right,
                IntCC::SignedLessThanOrEqual => left <= right,
                IntCC::UnsignedGreaterThan => {
                    left.clone().into_int_unsigned()? > right.clone().into_int_unsigned()?
                }
                IntCC::UnsignedGreaterThanOrEqual => {
                    left.clone().into_int_unsigned()? >= right.clone().into_int_unsigned()?
                }
                IntCC::UnsignedLessThan => {
                    left.clone().into_int_unsigned()? < right.clone().into_int_unsigned()?
                }
                IntCC::UnsignedLessThanOrEqual => {
                    left.clone().into_int_unsigned()? <= right.clone().into_int_unsigned()?
                }
            },
            ctrl_ty.is_vector(),
            bool_ty,
        )?)
    };

    let dst_ty = ctrl_ty.as_truthy();
    let left = extractlanes(left, ctrl_ty)?;
    let right = extractlanes(right, ctrl_ty)?;

    let res = left
        .into_iter()
        .zip(right)
        .map(|(l, r)| cmp(dst_ty.lane_type(), code, &l, &r))
        .collect::<ValueResult<SimdVec<DataValue>>>()?;

    Ok(vectorizelanes(&res, dst_ty)?)
}

/// Compare two values using the given floating point condition `code`.
fn fcmp(code: FloatCC, left: &DataValue, right: &DataValue) -> ValueResult<bool> {
    Ok(match code {
        FloatCC::Ordered => left == right || left < right || left > right,
        FloatCC::Unordered => DataValueExt::uno(left, right)?,
        FloatCC::Equal => left == right,
        FloatCC::NotEqual => left < right || left > right || DataValueExt::uno(left, right)?,
        FloatCC::OrderedNotEqual => left < right || left > right,
        FloatCC::UnorderedOrEqual => left == right || DataValueExt::uno(left, right)?,
        FloatCC::LessThan => left < right,
        FloatCC::LessThanOrEqual => left <= right,
        FloatCC::GreaterThan => left > right,
        FloatCC::GreaterThanOrEqual => left >= right,
        FloatCC::UnorderedOrLessThan => DataValueExt::uno(left, right)? || left < right,
        FloatCC::UnorderedOrLessThanOrEqual => DataValueExt::uno(left, right)? || left <= right,
        FloatCC::UnorderedOrGreaterThan => DataValueExt::uno(left, right)? || left > right,
        FloatCC::UnorderedOrGreaterThanOrEqual => DataValueExt::uno(left, right)? || left >= right,
    })
}

pub type SimdVec<DataValue> = SmallVec<[DataValue; 4]>;

/// Converts a SIMD vector value into a Rust array of [Value] for processing.
/// If `x` is a scalar, it will be returned as a single-element array.
pub(crate) fn extractlanes(
    x: &DataValue,
    vector_type: types::Type,
) -> ValueResult<SimdVec<DataValue>> {
    let lane_type = vector_type.lane_type();
    let mut lanes = SimdVec::new();
    // Wrap scalar values as a single-element vector and return.
    if !x.ty().is_vector() {
        lanes.push(x.clone());
        return Ok(lanes);
    }

    let iterations = match lane_type {
        types::I8 => 1,
        types::I16 | types::F16 => 2,
        types::I32 | types::F32 => 4,
        types::I64 | types::F64 => 8,
        _ => unimplemented!("vectors with lanes wider than 64-bits are currently unsupported."),
    };

    let x = x.into_array()?;
    for i in 0..vector_type.lane_count() {
        let mut lane: i128 = 0;
        for j in 0..iterations {
            lane += (x[((i * iterations) + j) as usize] as i128) << (8 * j);
        }

        let lane_val: DataValue = if lane_type.is_float() {
            DataValueExt::float(lane as u64, lane_type)?
        } else {
            DataValueExt::int(lane, lane_type)?
        };
        lanes.push(lane_val);
    }
    return Ok(lanes);
}

/// Convert a Rust array of [Value] back into a `Value::vector`.
/// Supplying a single-element array will simply return its contained value.
fn vectorizelanes(x: &[DataValue], vector_type: types::Type) -> ValueResult<DataValue> {
    // If the array is only one element, return it as a scalar.
    if x.len() == 1 {
        Ok(x[0].clone())
    } else {
        vectorizelanes_all(x, vector_type)
    }
}

/// Convert a Rust array of [Value] back into a `Value::vector`.
fn vectorizelanes_all(x: &[DataValue], vector_type: types::Type) -> ValueResult<DataValue> {
    let lane_type = vector_type.lane_type();
    let iterations = match lane_type {
        types::I8 => 1,
        types::I16 | types::F16 => 2,
        types::I32 | types::F32 => 4,
        types::I64 | types::F64 => 8,
        _ => unimplemented!("vectors with lanes wider than 64-bits are currently unsupported."),
    };
    let mut result: [u8; 16] = [0; 16];
    for (i, val) in x.iter().enumerate() {
        let lane_val: i128 = val
            .clone()
            .convert(ValueConversionKind::Exact(lane_type.as_int()))?
            .into_int_unsigned()? as i128;

        for j in 0..iterations {
            result[(i * iterations) + j] = (lane_val >> (8 * j)) as u8;
        }
    }
    DataValueExt::vector(result, vector_type)
}

/// Performs a lanewise fold on a vector type
fn fold_vector<F>(v: DataValue, ty: types::Type, init: DataValue, op: F) -> ValueResult<DataValue>
where
    F: FnMut(DataValue, DataValue) -> ValueResult<DataValue>,
{
    extractlanes(&v, ty)?.into_iter().try_fold(init, op)
}

/// Performs the supplied unary arithmetic `op` on a Value, either Vector or Scalar.
fn unary_arith<F>(x: DataValue, vector_type: types::Type, op: F) -> ValueResult<DataValue>
where
    F: Fn(DataValue) -> ValueResult<DataValue>,
{
    let arg = extractlanes(&x, vector_type)?;

    let result = arg
        .into_iter()
        .map(|arg| Ok(op(arg)?))
        .collect::<ValueResult<SimdVec<DataValue>>>()?;

    vectorizelanes(&result, vector_type)
}

/// Performs the supplied binary arithmetic `op` on two values, either vector or scalar.
fn binary_arith<F>(
    x: DataValue,
    y: DataValue,
    vector_type: types::Type,
    op: F,
) -> ValueResult<DataValue>
where
    F: Fn(DataValue, DataValue) -> ValueResult<DataValue>,
{
    let arg0 = extractlanes(&x, vector_type)?;
    let arg1 = extractlanes(&y, vector_type)?;

    let result = arg0
        .into_iter()
        .zip(arg1)
        .map(|(lhs, rhs)| Ok(op(lhs, rhs)?))
        .collect::<ValueResult<SimdVec<DataValue>>>()?;

    vectorizelanes(&result, vector_type)
}

/// Performs the supplied pairwise arithmetic `op` on two SIMD vectors, where
/// pairs are formed from adjacent vector elements and the vectors are
/// concatenated at the end.
fn binary_pairwise<F>(
    x: DataValue,
    y: DataValue,
    vector_type: types::Type,
    op: F,
) -> ValueResult<DataValue>
where
    F: Fn(DataValue, DataValue) -> ValueResult<DataValue>,
{
    let arg0 = extractlanes(&x, vector_type)?;
    let arg1 = extractlanes(&y, vector_type)?;

    let result = arg0
        .chunks(2)
        .chain(arg1.chunks(2))
        .map(|pair| op(pair[0].clone(), pair[1].clone()))
        .collect::<ValueResult<SimdVec<DataValue>>>()?;

    vectorizelanes(&result, vector_type)
}

fn bitselect(c: DataValue, x: DataValue, y: DataValue) -> ValueResult<DataValue> {
    let mask_x = DataValueExt::and(c.clone(), x)?;
    let mask_y = DataValueExt::and(DataValueExt::not(c)?, y)?;
    DataValueExt::or(mask_x, mask_y)
}

fn splat(ty: Type, val: DataValue) -> ValueResult<DataValue> {
    let mut new_vector = SimdVec::new();
    for _ in 0..ty.lane_count() {
        new_vector.push(val.clone());
    }
    vectorizelanes(&new_vector, ty)
}

// Prepares the shift amount for a shift/rotate operation.
// The shift amount must be the same type and have the same number of lanes as the vector.
fn shift_amt(ty: Type, val: DataValue) -> ValueResult<DataValue> {
    splat(ty, val.convert(ValueConversionKind::Exact(ty.lane_type()))?)
}