cranelift_codegen/isa/aarch64/inst/

emit.rs

//! AArch64 ISA: binary code emission.

use cranelift_control::ControlPlane;

use crate::ir::{self, types::*};
use crate::isa::aarch64;
use crate::isa::aarch64::inst::*;
use crate::trace;

/// Memory addressing mode finalization: convert "special" modes (e.g.,
/// generic arbitrary stack offset) into real addressing modes, possibly by
/// emitting some helper instructions that come immediately before the use
/// of this amode.
pub fn mem_finalize(
    sink: Option<&mut MachBuffer<Inst>>,
    mem: &AMode,
    access_ty: Type,
    state: &EmitState,
) -> (SmallVec<[Inst; 4]>, AMode) {
    match mem {
        &AMode::RegOffset { off, .. }
        | &AMode::SPOffset { off }
        | &AMode::FPOffset { off }
        | &AMode::IncomingArg { off }
        | &AMode::SlotOffset { off } => {
            let basereg = match mem {
                &AMode::RegOffset { rn, .. } => rn,
                &AMode::SPOffset { .. }
                | &AMode::SlotOffset { .. }
                | &AMode::IncomingArg { .. } => stack_reg(),
                &AMode::FPOffset { .. } => fp_reg(),
                _ => unreachable!(),
            };
            let off = match mem {
                &AMode::IncomingArg { .. } => {
                    let frame_layout = state.frame_layout();
                    i64::from(
                        frame_layout.setup_area_size
                            + frame_layout.tail_args_size
                            + frame_layout.clobber_size
                            + frame_layout.fixed_frame_storage_size
                            + frame_layout.outgoing_args_size,
                    ) - off
                }
                &AMode::SlotOffset { .. } => {
                    let adj = i64::from(state.frame_layout().outgoing_args_size);
                    trace!(
                        "mem_finalize: slot offset {} + adj {} -> {}",
                        off,
                        adj,
                        off + adj
                    );
                    off + adj
                }
                _ => off,
            };

            if let Some(simm9) = SImm9::maybe_from_i64(off) {
                let mem = AMode::Unscaled { rn: basereg, simm9 };
                (smallvec![], mem)
            } else if let Some(uimm12) = UImm12Scaled::maybe_from_i64(off, access_ty) {
                let mem = AMode::UnsignedOffset {
                    rn: basereg,
                    uimm12,
                };
                (smallvec![], mem)
            } else {
                let tmp = writable_spilltmp_reg();
                (
                    Inst::load_constant(tmp, off as u64),
                    AMode::RegExtended {
                        rn: basereg,
                        rm: tmp.to_reg(),
                        extendop: ExtendOp::SXTX,
                    },
                )
            }
        }

        AMode::Const { addr } => {
            let sink = match sink {
                Some(sink) => sink,
                None => return (smallvec![], mem.clone()),
            };
            let label = sink.get_label_for_constant(*addr);
            let label = MemLabel::Mach(label);
            (smallvec![], AMode::Label { label })
        }

        _ => (smallvec![], mem.clone()),
    }
}

//=============================================================================
// Instructions and subcomponents: emission

pub(crate) fn machreg_to_gpr(m: Reg) -> u32 {
    assert_eq!(m.class(), RegClass::Int);
    u32::from(m.to_real_reg().unwrap().hw_enc() & 31)
}

pub(crate) fn machreg_to_vec(m: Reg) -> u32 {
    assert_eq!(m.class(), RegClass::Float);
    u32::from(m.to_real_reg().unwrap().hw_enc())
}

fn machreg_to_gpr_or_vec(m: Reg) -> u32 {
    u32::from(m.to_real_reg().unwrap().hw_enc() & 31)
}

/// Encode a 3-register aeithmeric instruction.
pub fn enc_arith_rrr(bits_31_21: u32, bits_15_10: u32, rd: Writable<Reg>, rn: Reg, rm: Reg) -> u32 {
    (bits_31_21 << 21)
        | (bits_15_10 << 10)
        | machreg_to_gpr(rd.to_reg())
        | (machreg_to_gpr(rn) << 5)
        | (machreg_to_gpr(rm) << 16)
}

fn enc_arith_rr_imm12(
    bits_31_24: u32,
    immshift: u32,
    imm12: u32,
    rn: Reg,
    rd: Writable<Reg>,
) -> u32 {
    (bits_31_24 << 24)
        | (immshift << 22)
        | (imm12 << 10)
        | (machreg_to_gpr(rn) << 5)
        | machreg_to_gpr(rd.to_reg())
}

fn enc_arith_rr_imml(bits_31_23: u32, imm_bits: u32, rn: Reg, rd: Writable<Reg>) -> u32 {
    (bits_31_23 << 23) | (imm_bits << 10) | (machreg_to_gpr(rn) << 5) | machreg_to_gpr(rd.to_reg())
}

fn enc_arith_rrrr(top11: u32, rm: Reg, bit15: u32, ra: Reg, rn: Reg, rd: Writable<Reg>) -> u32 {
    (top11 << 21)
        | (machreg_to_gpr(rm) << 16)
        | (bit15 << 15)
        | (machreg_to_gpr(ra) << 10)
        | (machreg_to_gpr(rn) << 5)
        | machreg_to_gpr(rd.to_reg())
}

fn enc_jump26(op_31_26: u32, off_26_0: u32) -> u32 {
    assert!(off_26_0 < (1 << 26));
    (op_31_26 << 26) | off_26_0
}

fn enc_cmpbr(op_31_24: u32, off_18_0: u32, reg: Reg) -> u32 {
    assert!(off_18_0 < (1 << 19));
    (op_31_24 << 24) | (off_18_0 << 5) | machreg_to_gpr(reg)
}

fn enc_cbr(op_31_24: u32, off_18_0: u32, op_4: u32, cond: u32) -> u32 {
    assert!(off_18_0 < (1 << 19));
    assert!(cond < (1 << 4));
    (op_31_24 << 24) | (off_18_0 << 5) | (op_4 << 4) | cond
}

/// Set the size bit of an instruction.
fn enc_op_size(op: u32, size: OperandSize) -> u32 {
    (op & !(1 << 31)) | (size.sf_bit() << 31)
}

fn enc_conditional_br(taken: BranchTarget, kind: CondBrKind) -> u32 {
    match kind {
        CondBrKind::Zero(reg, size) => enc_op_size(
            enc_cmpbr(0b0_011010_0, taken.as_offset19_or_zero(), reg),
            size,
        ),
        CondBrKind::NotZero(reg, size) => enc_op_size(
            enc_cmpbr(0b0_011010_1, taken.as_offset19_or_zero(), reg),
            size,
        ),
        CondBrKind::Cond(c) => enc_cbr(0b01010100, taken.as_offset19_or_zero(), 0b0, c.bits()),
    }
}

fn enc_test_bit_and_branch(
    kind: TestBitAndBranchKind,
    taken: BranchTarget,
    reg: Reg,
    bit: u8,
) -> u32 {
    assert!(bit < 64);
    let op_31 = u32::from(bit >> 5);
    let op_23_19 = u32::from(bit & 0b11111);
    let op_30_24 = 0b0110110
        | match kind {
            TestBitAndBranchKind::Z => 0,
            TestBitAndBranchKind::NZ => 1,
        };
    (op_31 << 31)
        | (op_30_24 << 24)
        | (op_23_19 << 19)
        | (taken.as_offset14_or_zero() << 5)
        | machreg_to_gpr(reg)
}

/// Encode a move-wide instruction.
pub fn enc_move_wide(
    op: MoveWideOp,
    rd: Writable<Reg>,
    imm: MoveWideConst,
    size: OperandSize,
) -> u32 {
    assert!(imm.shift <= 0b11);
    let op = match op {
        MoveWideOp::MovN => 0b00,
        MoveWideOp::MovZ => 0b10,
    };
    0x12800000
        | size.sf_bit() << 31
        | op << 29
        | u32::from(imm.shift) << 21
        | u32::from(imm.bits) << 5
        | machreg_to_gpr(rd.to_reg())
}

/// Encode a move-keep immediate instruction.
pub fn enc_movk(rd: Writable<Reg>, imm: MoveWideConst, size: OperandSize) -> u32 {
    assert!(imm.shift <= 0b11);
    0x72800000
        | size.sf_bit() << 31
        | u32::from(imm.shift) << 21
        | u32::from(imm.bits) << 5
        | machreg_to_gpr(rd.to_reg())
}

fn enc_ldst_pair(op_31_22: u32, simm7: SImm7Scaled, rn: Reg, rt: Reg, rt2: Reg) -> u32 {
    (op_31_22 << 22)
        | (simm7.bits() << 15)
        | (machreg_to_gpr(rt2) << 10)
        | (machreg_to_gpr(rn) << 5)
        | machreg_to_gpr(rt)
}

fn enc_ldst_simm9(op_31_22: u32, simm9: SImm9, op_11_10: u32, rn: Reg, rd: Reg) -> u32 {
    (op_31_22 << 22)
        | (simm9.bits() << 12)
        | (op_11_10 << 10)
        | (machreg_to_gpr(rn) << 5)
        | machreg_to_gpr_or_vec(rd)
}

fn enc_ldst_uimm12(op_31_22: u32, uimm12: UImm12Scaled, rn: Reg, rd: Reg) -> u32 {
    (op_31_22 << 22)
        | (0b1 << 24)
        | (uimm12.bits() << 10)
        | (machreg_to_gpr(rn) << 5)
        | machreg_to_gpr_or_vec(rd)
}

fn enc_ldst_reg(
    op_31_22: u32,
    rn: Reg,
    rm: Reg,
    s_bit: bool,
    extendop: Option<ExtendOp>,
    rd: Reg,
) -> u32 {
    let s_bit = if s_bit { 1 } else { 0 };
    let extend_bits = match extendop {
        Some(ExtendOp::UXTW) => 0b010,
        Some(ExtendOp::SXTW) => 0b110,
        Some(ExtendOp::SXTX) => 0b111,
        None => 0b011, // LSL
        _ => panic!("bad extend mode for ld/st AMode"),
    };
    (op_31_22 << 22)
        | (1 << 21)
        | (machreg_to_gpr(rm) << 16)
        | (extend_bits << 13)
        | (s_bit << 12)
        | (0b10 << 10)
        | (machreg_to_gpr(rn) << 5)
        | machreg_to_gpr_or_vec(rd)
}

pub(crate) fn enc_ldst_imm19(op_31_24: u32, imm19: u32, rd: Reg) -> u32 {
    (op_31_24 << 24) | (imm19 << 5) | machreg_to_gpr_or_vec(rd)
}

fn enc_ldst_vec(q: u32, size: u32, rn: Reg, rt: Writable<Reg>) -> u32 {
    debug_assert_eq!(q & 0b1, q);
    debug_assert_eq!(size & 0b11, size);
    0b0_0_0011010_10_00000_110_0_00_00000_00000
        | q << 30
        | size << 10
        | machreg_to_gpr(rn) << 5
        | machreg_to_vec(rt.to_reg())
}

fn enc_ldst_vec_pair(
    opc: u32,
    amode: u32,
    is_load: bool,
    simm7: SImm7Scaled,
    rn: Reg,
    rt: Reg,
    rt2: Reg,
) -> u32 {
    debug_assert_eq!(opc & 0b11, opc);
    debug_assert_eq!(amode & 0b11, amode);

    0b00_10110_00_0_0000000_00000_00000_00000
        | opc << 30
        | amode << 23
        | (is_load as u32) << 22
        | simm7.bits() << 15
        | machreg_to_vec(rt2) << 10
        | machreg_to_gpr(rn) << 5
        | machreg_to_vec(rt)
}

fn enc_vec_rrr(top11: u32, rm: Reg, bit15_10: u32, rn: Reg, rd: Writable<Reg>) -> u32 {
    (top11 << 21)
        | (machreg_to_vec(rm) << 16)
        | (bit15_10 << 10)
        | (machreg_to_vec(rn) << 5)
        | machreg_to_vec(rd.to_reg())
}

fn enc_vec_rrr_long(
    q: u32,
    u: u32,
    size: u32,
    bit14: u32,
    rm: Reg,
    rn: Reg,
    rd: Writable<Reg>,
) -> u32 {
    debug_assert_eq!(q & 0b1, q);
    debug_assert_eq!(u & 0b1, u);
    debug_assert_eq!(size & 0b11, size);
    debug_assert_eq!(bit14 & 0b1, bit14);

    0b0_0_0_01110_00_1_00000_100000_00000_00000
        | q << 30
        | u << 29
        | size << 22
        | bit14 << 14
        | (machreg_to_vec(rm) << 16)
        | (machreg_to_vec(rn) << 5)
        | machreg_to_vec(rd.to_reg())
}

fn enc_bit_rr(size: u32, opcode2: u32, opcode1: u32, rn: Reg, rd: Writable<Reg>) -> u32 {
    (0b01011010110 << 21)
        | size << 31
        | opcode2 << 16
        | opcode1 << 10
        | machreg_to_gpr(rn) << 5
        | machreg_to_gpr(rd.to_reg())
}

pub(crate) fn enc_br(rn: Reg) -> u32 {
    0b1101011_0000_11111_000000_00000_00000 | (machreg_to_gpr(rn) << 5)
}

pub(crate) fn enc_adr_inst(opcode: u32, off: i32, rd: Writable<Reg>) -> u32 {
    let off = u32::try_from(off).unwrap();
    let immlo = off & 3;
    let immhi = (off >> 2) & ((1 << 19) - 1);
    opcode | (immlo << 29) | (immhi << 5) | machreg_to_gpr(rd.to_reg())
}

pub(crate) fn enc_adr(off: i32, rd: Writable<Reg>) -> u32 {
    let opcode = 0b00010000 << 24;
    enc_adr_inst(opcode, off, rd)
}

pub(crate) fn enc_adrp(off: i32, rd: Writable<Reg>) -> u32 {
    let opcode = 0b10010000 << 24;
    enc_adr_inst(opcode, off, rd)
}

fn enc_csel(rd: Writable<Reg>, rn: Reg, rm: Reg, cond: Cond, op: u32, o2: u32) -> u32 {
    debug_assert_eq!(op & 0b1, op);
    debug_assert_eq!(o2 & 0b1, o2);
    0b100_11010100_00000_0000_00_00000_00000
        | (op << 30)
        | (machreg_to_gpr(rm) << 16)
        | (cond.bits() << 12)
        | (o2 << 10)
        | (machreg_to_gpr(rn) << 5)
        | machreg_to_gpr(rd.to_reg())
}

fn enc_fcsel(rd: Writable<Reg>, rn: Reg, rm: Reg, cond: Cond, size: ScalarSize) -> u32 {
    0b000_11110_00_1_00000_0000_11_00000_00000
        | (size.ftype() << 22)
        | (machreg_to_vec(rm) << 16)
        | (machreg_to_vec(rn) << 5)
        | machreg_to_vec(rd.to_reg())
        | (cond.bits() << 12)
}

fn enc_ccmp(size: OperandSize, rn: Reg, rm: Reg, nzcv: NZCV, cond: Cond) -> u32 {
    0b0_1_1_11010010_00000_0000_00_00000_0_0000
        | size.sf_bit() << 31
        | machreg_to_gpr(rm) << 16
        | cond.bits() << 12
        | machreg_to_gpr(rn) << 5
        | nzcv.bits()
}

fn enc_ccmp_imm(size: OperandSize, rn: Reg, imm: UImm5, nzcv: NZCV, cond: Cond) -> u32 {
    0b0_1_1_11010010_00000_0000_10_00000_0_0000
        | size.sf_bit() << 31
        | imm.bits() << 16
        | cond.bits() << 12
        | machreg_to_gpr(rn) << 5
        | nzcv.bits()
}

impl BfmOp {
    fn opc(self) -> u8 {
        match self {
            BfmOp::UBfm => 0b10,
            BfmOp::SBfm => 0b00,
        }
    }
}

fn enc_bfm(opc: u8, size: OperandSize, rd: Writable<Reg>, rn: Reg, immr: u8, imms: u8) -> u32 {
    match size {
        OperandSize::Size64 => {
            debug_assert!(immr <= 63);
            debug_assert!(imms <= 63);
        }
        OperandSize::Size32 => {
            debug_assert!(immr <= 31);
            debug_assert!(imms <= 31);
        }
    }
    debug_assert_eq!(opc & 0b11, opc);
    let n_bit = size.sf_bit();
    0b0_00_100110_0_000000_000000_00000_00000
        | size.sf_bit() << 31
        | u32::from(opc) << 29
        | n_bit << 22
        | u32::from(immr) << 16
        | u32::from(imms) << 10
        | machreg_to_gpr(rn) << 5
        | machreg_to_gpr(rd.to_reg())
}

fn enc_vecmov(is_16b: bool, rd: Writable<Reg>, rn: Reg) -> u32 {
    0b00001110_101_00000_00011_1_00000_00000
        | ((is_16b as u32) << 30)
        | machreg_to_vec(rd.to_reg())
        | (machreg_to_vec(rn) << 16)
        | (machreg_to_vec(rn) << 5)
}

fn enc_fpurr(top22: u32, rd: Writable<Reg>, rn: Reg) -> u32 {
    (top22 << 10) | (machreg_to_vec(rn) << 5) | machreg_to_vec(rd.to_reg())
}

fn enc_fpurrr(top22: u32, rd: Writable<Reg>, rn: Reg, rm: Reg) -> u32 {
    (top22 << 10)
        | (machreg_to_vec(rm) << 16)
        | (machreg_to_vec(rn) << 5)
        | machreg_to_vec(rd.to_reg())
}

fn enc_fpurrrr(top17: u32, rd: Writable<Reg>, rn: Reg, rm: Reg, ra: Reg) -> u32 {
    (top17 << 15)
        | (machreg_to_vec(rm) << 16)
        | (machreg_to_vec(ra) << 10)
        | (machreg_to_vec(rn) << 5)
        | machreg_to_vec(rd.to_reg())
}

fn enc_fcmp(size: ScalarSize, rn: Reg, rm: Reg) -> u32 {
    0b000_11110_00_1_00000_00_1000_00000_00000
        | (size.ftype() << 22)
        | (machreg_to_vec(rm) << 16)
        | (machreg_to_vec(rn) << 5)
}

fn enc_fputoint(top16: u32, rd: Writable<Reg>, rn: Reg) -> u32 {
    (top16 << 16) | (machreg_to_vec(rn) << 5) | machreg_to_gpr(rd.to_reg())
}

fn enc_inttofpu(top16: u32, rd: Writable<Reg>, rn: Reg) -> u32 {
    (top16 << 16) | (machreg_to_gpr(rn) << 5) | machreg_to_vec(rd.to_reg())
}

fn enc_fround(top22: u32, rd: Writable<Reg>, rn: Reg) -> u32 {
    (top22 << 10) | (machreg_to_vec(rn) << 5) | machreg_to_vec(rd.to_reg())
}

fn enc_vec_rr_misc(qu: u32, size: u32, bits_12_16: u32, rd: Writable<Reg>, rn: Reg) -> u32 {
    debug_assert_eq!(qu & 0b11, qu);
    debug_assert_eq!(size & 0b11, size);
    debug_assert_eq!(bits_12_16 & 0b11111, bits_12_16);
    let bits = 0b0_00_01110_00_10000_00000_10_00000_00000;
    bits | qu << 29
        | size << 22
        | bits_12_16 << 12
        | machreg_to_vec(rn) << 5
        | machreg_to_vec(rd.to_reg())
}

fn enc_vec_rr_pair(bits_12_16: u32, rd: Writable<Reg>, rn: Reg) -> u32 {
    debug_assert_eq!(bits_12_16 & 0b11111, bits_12_16);

    0b010_11110_11_11000_11011_10_00000_00000
        | bits_12_16 << 12
        | machreg_to_vec(rn) << 5
        | machreg_to_vec(rd.to_reg())
}

fn enc_vec_rr_pair_long(u: u32, enc_size: u32, rd: Writable<Reg>, rn: Reg) -> u32 {
    debug_assert_eq!(u & 0b1, u);
    debug_assert_eq!(enc_size & 0b1, enc_size);

    0b0_1_0_01110_00_10000_00_0_10_10_00000_00000
        | u << 29
        | enc_size << 22
        | machreg_to_vec(rn) << 5
        | machreg_to_vec(rd.to_reg())
}

fn enc_vec_lanes(q: u32, u: u32, size: u32, opcode: u32, rd: Writable<Reg>, rn: Reg) -> u32 {
    debug_assert_eq!(q & 0b1, q);
    debug_assert_eq!(u & 0b1, u);
    debug_assert_eq!(size & 0b11, size);
    debug_assert_eq!(opcode & 0b11111, opcode);
    0b0_0_0_01110_00_11000_0_0000_10_00000_00000
        | q << 30
        | u << 29
        | size << 22
        | opcode << 12
        | machreg_to_vec(rn) << 5
        | machreg_to_vec(rd.to_reg())
}

fn enc_tbl(is_extension: bool, len: u32, rd: Writable<Reg>, rn: Reg, rm: Reg) -> u32 {
    debug_assert_eq!(len & 0b11, len);
    0b0_1_001110_000_00000_0_00_0_00_00000_00000
        | (machreg_to_vec(rm) << 16)
        | len << 13
        | (is_extension as u32) << 12
        | (machreg_to_vec(rn) << 5)
        | machreg_to_vec(rd.to_reg())
}

fn enc_dmb_ish() -> u32 {
    0xD5033BBF
}

fn enc_acq_rel(ty: Type, op: AtomicRMWOp, rs: Reg, rt: Writable<Reg>, rn: Reg) -> u32 {
    assert!(machreg_to_gpr(rt.to_reg()) != 31);
    let sz = match ty {
        I64 => 0b11,
        I32 => 0b10,
        I16 => 0b01,
        I8 => 0b00,
        _ => unreachable!(),
    };
    let bit15 = match op {
        AtomicRMWOp::Swp => 0b1,
        _ => 0b0,
    };
    let op = match op {
        AtomicRMWOp::Add => 0b000,
        AtomicRMWOp::Clr => 0b001,
        AtomicRMWOp::Eor => 0b010,
        AtomicRMWOp::Set => 0b011,
        AtomicRMWOp::Smax => 0b100,
        AtomicRMWOp::Smin => 0b101,
        AtomicRMWOp::Umax => 0b110,
        AtomicRMWOp::Umin => 0b111,
        AtomicRMWOp::Swp => 0b000,
    };
    0b00_111_000_111_00000_0_000_00_00000_00000
        | (sz << 30)
        | (machreg_to_gpr(rs) << 16)
        | bit15 << 15
        | (op << 12)
        | (machreg_to_gpr(rn) << 5)
        | machreg_to_gpr(rt.to_reg())
}

fn enc_ldar(ty: Type, rt: Writable<Reg>, rn: Reg) -> u32 {
    let sz = match ty {
        I64 => 0b11,
        I32 => 0b10,
        I16 => 0b01,
        I8 => 0b00,
        _ => unreachable!(),
    };
    0b00_001000_1_1_0_11111_1_11111_00000_00000
        | (sz << 30)
        | (machreg_to_gpr(rn) << 5)
        | machreg_to_gpr(rt.to_reg())
}

fn enc_stlr(ty: Type, rt: Reg, rn: Reg) -> u32 {
    let sz = match ty {
        I64 => 0b11,
        I32 => 0b10,
        I16 => 0b01,
        I8 => 0b00,
        _ => unreachable!(),
    };
    0b00_001000_100_11111_1_11111_00000_00000
        | (sz << 30)
        | (machreg_to_gpr(rn) << 5)
        | machreg_to_gpr(rt)
}

fn enc_ldaxr(ty: Type, rt: Writable<Reg>, rn: Reg) -> u32 {
    let sz = match ty {
        I64 => 0b11,
        I32 => 0b10,
        I16 => 0b01,
        I8 => 0b00,
        _ => unreachable!(),
    };
    0b00_001000_0_1_0_11111_1_11111_00000_00000
        | (sz << 30)
        | (machreg_to_gpr(rn) << 5)
        | machreg_to_gpr(rt.to_reg())
}

fn enc_ldaxp(ty: Type, rt: Writable<Reg>, rt2: Writable<Reg>, rn: Reg) -> u32 {
    let sz = match ty {
        I64 => 0b1,
        I32 => 0b0,
        _ => unreachable!(),
    };
    0b10_0010000_1_1_11111_1_00000_00000_00000
        | (sz << 30)
        | (machreg_to_gpr(rt2.to_reg()) << 10)
        | (machreg_to_gpr(rn) << 5)
        | machreg_to_gpr(rt.to_reg())
}

fn enc_ldxp(ty: Type, rt: Writable<Reg>, rt2: Writable<Reg>, rn: Reg) -> u32 {
    let sz = match ty {
        I64 => 0b1,
        I32 => 0b0,
        _ => unreachable!(),
    };
    0b10_0010000_1_1_11111_0_00000_00000_00000
        | (sz << 30)
        | (machreg_to_gpr(rt2.to_reg()) << 10)
        | (machreg_to_gpr(rn) << 5)
        | machreg_to_gpr(rt.to_reg())
}

fn enc_stlxr(ty: Type, rs: Writable<Reg>, rt: Reg, rn: Reg) -> u32 {
    let sz = match ty {
        I64 => 0b11,
        I32 => 0b10,
        I16 => 0b01,
        I8 => 0b00,
        _ => unreachable!(),
    };
    0b00_001000_000_00000_1_11111_00000_00000
        | (sz << 30)
        | (machreg_to_gpr(rs.to_reg()) << 16)
        | (machreg_to_gpr(rn) << 5)
        | machreg_to_gpr(rt)
}

fn enc_stlxp(ty: Type, rs: Writable<Reg>, rt: Reg, rt2: Reg, rn: Reg) -> u32 {
    let sz = match ty {
        I64 => 0b1,
        I32 => 0b0,
        _ => unreachable!(),
    };
    0b10_0010000_0_1_00000_1_00000_00000_00000
        | (sz << 30)
        | (machreg_to_gpr(rs.to_reg()) << 16)
        | (machreg_to_gpr(rt2) << 10)
        | (machreg_to_gpr(rn) << 5)
        | machreg_to_gpr(rt)
}

fn enc_stxp(ty: Type, rs: Writable<Reg>, rt: Reg, rt2: Reg, rn: Reg) -> u32 {
    let sz = match ty {
        I64 => 0b1,
        I32 => 0b0,
        _ => unreachable!(),
    };
    0b10_0010000_0_1_00000_0_00000_00000_00000
        | (sz << 30)
        | (machreg_to_gpr(rs.to_reg()) << 16)
        | (machreg_to_gpr(rt2) << 10)
        | (machreg_to_gpr(rn) << 5)
        | machreg_to_gpr(rt)
}

fn enc_cas(size: u32, rs: Writable<Reg>, rt: Reg, rn: Reg) -> u32 {
    debug_assert_eq!(size & 0b11, size);

    0b00_0010001_1_1_00000_1_11111_00000_00000
        | size << 30
        | machreg_to_gpr(rs.to_reg()) << 16
        | machreg_to_gpr(rn) << 5
        | machreg_to_gpr(rt)
}

fn enc_casp(rs: Writable<Reg>, rt: Reg, rn: Reg) -> u32 {
    debug_assert_eq!(machreg_to_gpr(rs.to_reg()) & 1, 0);
    debug_assert_eq!(machreg_to_gpr(rt) & 1, 0);

    0b0_1_0010000_1_1_00000_1_11111_00000_00000
        | machreg_to_gpr(rs.to_reg()) << 16
        | machreg_to_gpr(rn) << 5
        | machreg_to_gpr(rt)
}

fn enc_asimd_mod_imm(rd: Writable<Reg>, q_op: u32, cmode: u32, imm: u8) -> u32 {
    let abc = (imm >> 5) as u32;
    let defgh = (imm & 0b11111) as u32;

    debug_assert_eq!(cmode & 0b1111, cmode);
    debug_assert_eq!(q_op & 0b11, q_op);

    0b0_0_0_0111100000_000_0000_01_00000_00000
        | (q_op << 29)
        | (abc << 16)
        | (cmode << 12)
        | (defgh << 5)
        | machreg_to_vec(rd.to_reg())
}

/// State carried between emissions of a sequence of instructions.
#[derive(Default, Clone, Debug)]
pub struct EmitState {
    /// The user stack map for the upcoming instruction, as provided to
    /// `pre_safepoint()`.
    user_stack_map: Option<ir::UserStackMap>,

    /// Only used during fuzz-testing. Otherwise, it is a zero-sized struct and
    /// optimized away at compiletime. See [cranelift_control].
    ctrl_plane: ControlPlane,

    frame_layout: FrameLayout,
}

impl MachInstEmitState<Inst> for EmitState {
    fn new(abi: &Callee<AArch64MachineDeps>, ctrl_plane: ControlPlane) -> Self {
        EmitState {
            user_stack_map: None,
            ctrl_plane,
            frame_layout: abi.frame_layout().clone(),
        }
    }

    fn pre_safepoint(&mut self, user_stack_map: Option<ir::UserStackMap>) {
        self.user_stack_map = user_stack_map;
    }

    fn ctrl_plane_mut(&mut self) -> &mut ControlPlane {
        &mut self.ctrl_plane
    }

    fn take_ctrl_plane(self) -> ControlPlane {
        self.ctrl_plane
    }

    fn frame_layout(&self) -> &FrameLayout {
        &self.frame_layout
    }
}

impl EmitState {
    fn take_stack_map(&mut self) -> Option<ir::UserStackMap> {
        self.user_stack_map.take()
    }

    fn clear_post_insn(&mut self) {
        self.user_stack_map = None;
    }
}

/// Constant state used during function compilation.
pub struct EmitInfo {
    flags: settings::Flags,
    isa_flags: aarch64::settings::Flags,
}

impl EmitInfo {
    /// Create a constant state for emission of instructions.
    pub fn new(flags: settings::Flags, isa_flags: aarch64::settings::Flags) -> Self {
        Self { flags, isa_flags }
    }
}

impl MachInstEmit for Inst {
    type State = EmitState;
    type Info = EmitInfo;

    fn emit(&self, sink: &mut MachBuffer<Inst>, emit_info: &Self::Info, state: &mut EmitState) {
        // N.B.: we *must* not exceed the "worst-case size" used to compute
        // where to insert islands, except when islands are explicitly triggered
        // (with an `EmitIsland`). We check this in debug builds. This is `mut`
        // to allow disabling the check for `JTSequence`, which is always
        // emitted following an `EmitIsland`.
        let mut start_off = sink.cur_offset();

        match self {
            &Inst::AluRRR {
                alu_op,
                size,
                rd,
                rn,
                rm,
            } => {
                debug_assert!(match alu_op {
                    ALUOp::SMulH | ALUOp::UMulH => size == OperandSize::Size64,
                    _ => true,
                });
                let top11 = match alu_op {
                    ALUOp::Add => 0b00001011_000,
                    ALUOp::Adc => 0b00011010_000,
                    ALUOp::AdcS => 0b00111010_000,
                    ALUOp::Sub => 0b01001011_000,
                    ALUOp::Sbc => 0b01011010_000,
                    ALUOp::SbcS => 0b01111010_000,
                    ALUOp::Orr => 0b00101010_000,
                    ALUOp::And => 0b00001010_000,
                    ALUOp::AndS => 0b01101010_000,
                    ALUOp::Eor => 0b01001010_000,
                    ALUOp::OrrNot => 0b00101010_001,
                    ALUOp::AndNot => 0b00001010_001,
                    ALUOp::EorNot => 0b01001010_001,
                    ALUOp::AddS => 0b00101011_000,
                    ALUOp::SubS => 0b01101011_000,
                    ALUOp::SDiv | ALUOp::UDiv => 0b00011010_110,
                    ALUOp::Extr | ALUOp::Lsr | ALUOp::Asr | ALUOp::Lsl => 0b00011010_110,
                    ALUOp::SMulH => 0b10011011_010,
                    ALUOp::UMulH => 0b10011011_110,
                };

                let top11 = top11 | size.sf_bit() << 10;
                let bit15_10 = match alu_op {
                    ALUOp::SDiv => 0b000011,
                    ALUOp::UDiv => 0b000010,
                    ALUOp::Extr => 0b001011,
                    ALUOp::Lsr => 0b001001,
                    ALUOp::Asr => 0b001010,
                    ALUOp::Lsl => 0b001000,
                    ALUOp::SMulH | ALUOp::UMulH => 0b011111,
                    _ => 0b000000,
                };
                debug_assert_ne!(writable_stack_reg(), rd);
                // The stack pointer is the zero register in this context, so this might be an
                // indication that something is wrong.
                debug_assert_ne!(stack_reg(), rn);
                debug_assert_ne!(stack_reg(), rm);
                sink.put4(enc_arith_rrr(top11, bit15_10, rd, rn, rm));
            }
            &Inst::AluRRRR {
                alu_op,
                size,
                rd,
                rm,
                rn,
                ra,
            } => {
                let (top11, bit15) = match alu_op {
                    ALUOp3::MAdd => (0b0_00_11011_000, 0),
                    ALUOp3::MSub => (0b0_00_11011_000, 1),
                    ALUOp3::UMAddL => {
                        debug_assert!(size == OperandSize::Size32);
                        (0b1_00_11011_1_01, 0)
                    }
                    ALUOp3::SMAddL => {
                        debug_assert!(size == OperandSize::Size32);
                        (0b1_00_11011_0_01, 0)
                    }
                };
                let top11 = top11 | size.sf_bit() << 10;
                sink.put4(enc_arith_rrrr(top11, rm, bit15, ra, rn, rd));
            }
            &Inst::AluRRImm12 {
                alu_op,
                size,
                rd,
                rn,
                ref imm12,
            } => {
                let top8 = match alu_op {
                    ALUOp::Add => 0b000_10001,
                    ALUOp::Sub => 0b010_10001,
                    ALUOp::AddS => 0b001_10001,
                    ALUOp::SubS => 0b011_10001,
                    _ => unimplemented!("{:?}", alu_op),
                };
                let top8 = top8 | size.sf_bit() << 7;
                sink.put4(enc_arith_rr_imm12(
                    top8,
                    imm12.shift_bits(),
                    imm12.imm_bits(),
                    rn,
                    rd,
                ));
            }
            &Inst::AluRRImmLogic {
                alu_op,
                size,
                rd,
                rn,
                ref imml,
            } => {
                let (top9, inv) = match alu_op {
                    ALUOp::Orr => (0b001_100100, false),
                    ALUOp::And => (0b000_100100, false),
                    ALUOp::AndS => (0b011_100100, false),
                    ALUOp::Eor => (0b010_100100, false),
                    ALUOp::OrrNot => (0b001_100100, true),
                    ALUOp::AndNot => (0b000_100100, true),
                    ALUOp::EorNot => (0b010_100100, true),
                    _ => unimplemented!("{:?}", alu_op),
                };
                let top9 = top9 | size.sf_bit() << 8;
                let imml = if inv { imml.invert() } else { *imml };
                sink.put4(enc_arith_rr_imml(top9, imml.enc_bits(), rn, rd));
            }

            &Inst::AluRRImmShift {
                alu_op,
                size,
                rd,
                rn,
                ref immshift,
            } => {
                let amt = immshift.value();
                let (top10, immr, imms) = match alu_op {
                    ALUOp::Extr => (0b0001001110, machreg_to_gpr(rn), u32::from(amt)),
                    ALUOp::Lsr => (0b0101001100, u32::from(amt), 0b011111),
                    ALUOp::Asr => (0b0001001100, u32::from(amt), 0b011111),
                    ALUOp::Lsl => {
                        let bits = if size.is64() { 64 } else { 32 };
                        (
                            0b0101001100,
                            u32::from((bits - amt) % bits),
                            u32::from(bits - 1 - amt),
                        )
                    }
                    _ => unimplemented!("{:?}", alu_op),
                };
                let top10 = top10 | size.sf_bit() << 9 | size.sf_bit();
                let imms = match alu_op {
                    ALUOp::Lsr | ALUOp::Asr => imms | size.sf_bit() << 5,
                    _ => imms,
                };
                sink.put4(
                    (top10 << 22)
                        | (immr << 16)
                        | (imms << 10)
                        | (machreg_to_gpr(rn) << 5)
                        | machreg_to_gpr(rd.to_reg()),
                );
            }

            &Inst::AluRRRShift {
                alu_op,
                size,
                rd,
                rn,
                rm,
                ref shiftop,
            } => {
                let top11: u32 = match alu_op {
                    ALUOp::Add => 0b000_01011000,
                    ALUOp::AddS => 0b001_01011000,
                    ALUOp::Sub => 0b010_01011000,
                    ALUOp::SubS => 0b011_01011000,
                    ALUOp::Orr => 0b001_01010000,
                    ALUOp::And => 0b000_01010000,
                    ALUOp::AndS => 0b011_01010000,
                    ALUOp::Eor => 0b010_01010000,
                    ALUOp::OrrNot => 0b001_01010001,
                    ALUOp::EorNot => 0b010_01010001,
                    ALUOp::AndNot => 0b000_01010001,
                    ALUOp::Extr => 0b000_10011100,
                    _ => unimplemented!("{:?}", alu_op),
                };
                let top11 = top11 | size.sf_bit() << 10;
                let top11 = top11 | (u32::from(shiftop.op().bits()) << 1);
                let bits_15_10 = u32::from(shiftop.amt().value());
                sink.put4(enc_arith_rrr(top11, bits_15_10, rd, rn, rm));
            }

            &Inst::AluRRRExtend {
                alu_op,
                size,
                rd,
                rn,
                rm,
                extendop,
            } => {
                let top11: u32 = match alu_op {
                    ALUOp::Add => 0b00001011001,
                    ALUOp::Sub => 0b01001011001,
                    ALUOp::AddS => 0b00101011001,
                    ALUOp::SubS => 0b01101011001,
                    _ => unimplemented!("{:?}", alu_op),
                };
                let top11 = top11 | size.sf_bit() << 10;
                let bits_15_10 = u32::from(extendop.bits()) << 3;
                sink.put4(enc_arith_rrr(top11, bits_15_10, rd, rn, rm));
            }

            &Inst::BitRR {
                op, size, rd, rn, ..
            } => {
                let (op1, op2) = match op {
                    BitOp::RBit => (0b00000, 0b000000),
                    BitOp::Clz => (0b00000, 0b000100),
                    BitOp::Cls => (0b00000, 0b000101),
                    BitOp::Rev16 => (0b00000, 0b000001),
                    BitOp::Rev32 => (0b00000, 0b000010),
                    BitOp::Rev64 => (0b00000, 0b000011),
                };
                sink.put4(enc_bit_rr(size.sf_bit(), op1, op2, rn, rd))
            }

            &Inst::ULoad8 { rd, ref mem, flags }
            | &Inst::SLoad8 { rd, ref mem, flags }
            | &Inst::ULoad16 { rd, ref mem, flags }
            | &Inst::SLoad16 { rd, ref mem, flags }
            | &Inst::ULoad32 { rd, ref mem, flags }
            | &Inst::SLoad32 { rd, ref mem, flags }
            | &Inst::ULoad64 {
                rd, ref mem, flags, ..
            }
            | &Inst::FpuLoad16 { rd, ref mem, flags }
            | &Inst::FpuLoad32 { rd, ref mem, flags }
            | &Inst::FpuLoad64 { rd, ref mem, flags }
            | &Inst::FpuLoad128 { rd, ref mem, flags } => {
                let mem = mem.clone();
                let access_ty = self.mem_type().unwrap();
                let (mem_insts, mem) = mem_finalize(Some(sink), &mem, access_ty, state);

                for inst in mem_insts.into_iter() {
                    inst.emit(sink, emit_info, state);
                }

                // ldst encoding helpers take Reg, not Writable<Reg>.
                let rd = rd.to_reg();

                // This is the base opcode (top 10 bits) for the "unscaled
                // immediate" form (Unscaled). Other addressing modes will OR in
                // other values for bits 24/25 (bits 1/2 of this constant).
                let op = match self {
                    Inst::ULoad8 { .. } => 0b0011100001,
                    Inst::SLoad8 { .. } => 0b0011100010,
                    Inst::ULoad16 { .. } => 0b0111100001,
                    Inst::SLoad16 { .. } => 0b0111100010,
                    Inst::ULoad32 { .. } => 0b1011100001,
                    Inst::SLoad32 { .. } => 0b1011100010,
                    Inst::ULoad64 { .. } => 0b1111100001,
                    Inst::FpuLoad16 { .. } => 0b0111110001,
                    Inst::FpuLoad32 { .. } => 0b1011110001,
                    Inst::FpuLoad64 { .. } => 0b1111110001,
                    Inst::FpuLoad128 { .. } => 0b0011110011,
                    _ => unreachable!(),
                };

                if let Some(trap_code) = flags.trap_code() {
                    // Register the offset at which the actual load instruction starts.
                    sink.add_trap(trap_code);
                }

                match &mem {
                    &AMode::Unscaled { rn, simm9 } => {
                        let reg = rn;
                        sink.put4(enc_ldst_simm9(op, simm9, 0b00, reg, rd));
                    }
                    &AMode::UnsignedOffset { rn, uimm12 } => {
                        let reg = rn;
                        sink.put4(enc_ldst_uimm12(op, uimm12, reg, rd));
                    }
                    &AMode::RegReg { rn, rm } => {
                        let r1 = rn;
                        let r2 = rm;
                        sink.put4(enc_ldst_reg(
                            op, r1, r2, /* scaled = */ false, /* extendop = */ None, rd,
                        ));
                    }
                    &AMode::RegScaled { rn, rm } | &AMode::RegScaledExtended { rn, rm, .. } => {
                        let r1 = rn;
                        let r2 = rm;
                        let extendop = match &mem {
                            &AMode::RegScaled { .. } => None,
                            &AMode::RegScaledExtended { extendop, .. } => Some(extendop),
                            _ => unreachable!(),
                        };
                        sink.put4(enc_ldst_reg(
                            op, r1, r2, /* scaled = */ true, extendop, rd,
                        ));
                    }
                    &AMode::RegExtended { rn, rm, extendop } => {
                        let r1 = rn;
                        let r2 = rm;
                        sink.put4(enc_ldst_reg(
                            op,
                            r1,
                            r2,
                            /* scaled = */ false,
                            Some(extendop),
                            rd,
                        ));
                    }
                    &AMode::Label { ref label } => {
                        let offset = match label {
                            // cast i32 to u32 (two's-complement)
                            MemLabel::PCRel(off) => *off as u32,
                            // Emit a relocation into the `MachBuffer`
                            // for the label that's being loaded from and
                            // encode an address of 0 in its place which will
                            // get filled in by relocation resolution later on.
                            MemLabel::Mach(label) => {
                                sink.use_label_at_offset(
                                    sink.cur_offset(),
                                    *label,
                                    LabelUse::Ldr19,
                                );
                                0
                            }
                        } / 4;
                        assert!(offset < (1 << 19));
                        match self {
                            &Inst::ULoad32 { .. } => {
                                sink.put4(enc_ldst_imm19(0b00011000, offset, rd));
                            }
                            &Inst::SLoad32 { .. } => {
                                sink.put4(enc_ldst_imm19(0b10011000, offset, rd));
                            }
                            &Inst::FpuLoad32 { .. } => {
                                sink.put4(enc_ldst_imm19(0b00011100, offset, rd));
                            }
                            &Inst::ULoad64 { .. } => {
                                sink.put4(enc_ldst_imm19(0b01011000, offset, rd));
                            }
                            &Inst::FpuLoad64 { .. } => {
                                sink.put4(enc_ldst_imm19(0b01011100, offset, rd));
                            }
                            &Inst::FpuLoad128 { .. } => {
                                sink.put4(enc_ldst_imm19(0b10011100, offset, rd));
                            }
                            _ => panic!("Unsupported size for LDR from constant pool!"),
                        }
                    }
                    &AMode::SPPreIndexed { simm9 } => {
                        let reg = stack_reg();
                        sink.put4(enc_ldst_simm9(op, simm9, 0b11, reg, rd));
                    }
                    &AMode::SPPostIndexed { simm9 } => {
                        let reg = stack_reg();
                        sink.put4(enc_ldst_simm9(op, simm9, 0b01, reg, rd));
                    }
                    // Eliminated by `mem_finalize()` above.
                    &AMode::SPOffset { .. }
                    | &AMode::FPOffset { .. }
                    | &AMode::IncomingArg { .. }
                    | &AMode::SlotOffset { .. }
                    | &AMode::Const { .. }
                    | &AMode::RegOffset { .. } => {
                        panic!("Should not see {mem:?} here!")
                    }
                }
            }

            &Inst::Store8 { rd, ref mem, flags }
            | &Inst::Store16 { rd, ref mem, flags }
            | &Inst::Store32 { rd, ref mem, flags }
            | &Inst::Store64 { rd, ref mem, flags }
            | &Inst::FpuStore16 { rd, ref mem, flags }
            | &Inst::FpuStore32 { rd, ref mem, flags }
            | &Inst::FpuStore64 { rd, ref mem, flags }
            | &Inst::FpuStore128 { rd, ref mem, flags } => {
                let mem = mem.clone();
                let access_ty = self.mem_type().unwrap();
                let (mem_insts, mem) = mem_finalize(Some(sink), &mem, access_ty, state);

                for inst in mem_insts.into_iter() {
                    inst.emit(sink, emit_info, state);
                }

                let op = match self {
                    Inst::Store8 { .. } => 0b0011100000,
                    Inst::Store16 { .. } => 0b0111100000,
                    Inst::Store32 { .. } => 0b1011100000,
                    Inst::Store64 { .. } => 0b1111100000,
                    Inst::FpuStore16 { .. } => 0b0111110000,
                    Inst::FpuStore32 { .. } => 0b1011110000,
                    Inst::FpuStore64 { .. } => 0b1111110000,
                    Inst::FpuStore128 { .. } => 0b0011110010,
                    _ => unreachable!(),
                };

                if let Some(trap_code) = flags.trap_code() {
                    // Register the offset at which the actual store instruction starts.
                    sink.add_trap(trap_code);
                }

                match &mem {
                    &AMode::Unscaled { rn, simm9 } => {
                        let reg = rn;
                        sink.put4(enc_ldst_simm9(op, simm9, 0b00, reg, rd));
                    }
                    &AMode::UnsignedOffset { rn, uimm12 } => {
                        let reg = rn;
                        sink.put4(enc_ldst_uimm12(op, uimm12, reg, rd));
                    }
                    &AMode::RegReg { rn, rm } => {
                        let r1 = rn;
                        let r2 = rm;
                        sink.put4(enc_ldst_reg(
                            op, r1, r2, /* scaled = */ false, /* extendop = */ None, rd,
                        ));
                    }
                    &AMode::RegScaled { rn, rm } | &AMode::RegScaledExtended { rn, rm, .. } => {
                        let r1 = rn;
                        let r2 = rm;
                        let extendop = match &mem {
                            &AMode::RegScaled { .. } => None,
                            &AMode::RegScaledExtended { extendop, .. } => Some(extendop),
                            _ => unreachable!(),
                        };
                        sink.put4(enc_ldst_reg(
                            op, r1, r2, /* scaled = */ true, extendop, rd,
                        ));
                    }
                    &AMode::RegExtended { rn, rm, extendop } => {
                        let r1 = rn;
                        let r2 = rm;
                        sink.put4(enc_ldst_reg(
                            op,
                            r1,
                            r2,
                            /* scaled = */ false,
                            Some(extendop),
                            rd,
                        ));
                    }
                    &AMode::Label { .. } => {
                        panic!("Store to a MemLabel not implemented!");
                    }
                    &AMode::SPPreIndexed { simm9 } => {
                        let reg = stack_reg();
                        sink.put4(enc_ldst_simm9(op, simm9, 0b11, reg, rd));
                    }
                    &AMode::SPPostIndexed { simm9 } => {
                        let reg = stack_reg();
                        sink.put4(enc_ldst_simm9(op, simm9, 0b01, reg, rd));
                    }
                    // Eliminated by `mem_finalize()` above.
                    &AMode::SPOffset { .. }
                    | &AMode::FPOffset { .. }
                    | &AMode::IncomingArg { .. }
                    | &AMode::SlotOffset { .. }
                    | &AMode::Const { .. }
                    | &AMode::RegOffset { .. } => {
                        panic!("Should not see {mem:?} here!")
                    }
                }
            }

            &Inst::StoreP64 {
                rt,
                rt2,
                ref mem,
                flags,
            } => {
                let mem = mem.clone();
                if let Some(trap_code) = flags.trap_code() {
                    // Register the offset at which the actual store instruction starts.
                    sink.add_trap(trap_code);
                }
                match &mem {
                    &PairAMode::SignedOffset { reg, simm7 } => {
                        assert_eq!(simm7.scale_ty, I64);
                        sink.put4(enc_ldst_pair(0b1010100100, simm7, reg, rt, rt2));
                    }
                    &PairAMode::SPPreIndexed { simm7 } => {
                        assert_eq!(simm7.scale_ty, I64);
                        let reg = stack_reg();
                        sink.put4(enc_ldst_pair(0b1010100110, simm7, reg, rt, rt2));
                    }
                    &PairAMode::SPPostIndexed { simm7 } => {
                        assert_eq!(simm7.scale_ty, I64);
                        let reg = stack_reg();
                        sink.put4(enc_ldst_pair(0b1010100010, simm7, reg, rt, rt2));
                    }
                }
            }
            &Inst::LoadP64 {
                rt,
                rt2,
                ref mem,
                flags,
            } => {
                let rt = rt.to_reg();
                let rt2 = rt2.to_reg();
                let mem = mem.clone();
                if let Some(trap_code) = flags.trap_code() {
                    // Register the offset at which the actual load instruction starts.
                    sink.add_trap(trap_code);
                }

                match &mem {
                    &PairAMode::SignedOffset { reg, simm7 } => {
                        assert_eq!(simm7.scale_ty, I64);
                        sink.put4(enc_ldst_pair(0b1010100101, simm7, reg, rt, rt2));
                    }
                    &PairAMode::SPPreIndexed { simm7 } => {
                        assert_eq!(simm7.scale_ty, I64);
                        let reg = stack_reg();
                        sink.put4(enc_ldst_pair(0b1010100111, simm7, reg, rt, rt2));
                    }
                    &PairAMode::SPPostIndexed { simm7 } => {
                        assert_eq!(simm7.scale_ty, I64);
                        let reg = stack_reg();
                        sink.put4(enc_ldst_pair(0b1010100011, simm7, reg, rt, rt2));
                    }
                }
            }
            &Inst::FpuLoadP64 {
                rt,
                rt2,
                ref mem,
                flags,
            }
            | &Inst::FpuLoadP128 {
                rt,
                rt2,
                ref mem,
                flags,
            } => {
                let rt = rt.to_reg();
                let rt2 = rt2.to_reg();
                let mem = mem.clone();

                if let Some(trap_code) = flags.trap_code() {
                    // Register the offset at which the actual load instruction starts.
                    sink.add_trap(trap_code);
                }

                let opc = match self {
                    &Inst::FpuLoadP64 { .. } => 0b01,
                    &Inst::FpuLoadP128 { .. } => 0b10,
                    _ => unreachable!(),
                };

                match &mem {
                    &PairAMode::SignedOffset { reg, simm7 } => {
                        assert!(simm7.scale_ty == F64 || simm7.scale_ty == I8X16);
                        sink.put4(enc_ldst_vec_pair(opc, 0b10, true, simm7, reg, rt, rt2));
                    }
                    &PairAMode::SPPreIndexed { simm7 } => {
                        assert!(simm7.scale_ty == F64 || simm7.scale_ty == I8X16);
                        let reg = stack_reg();
                        sink.put4(enc_ldst_vec_pair(opc, 0b11, true, simm7, reg, rt, rt2));
                    }
                    &PairAMode::SPPostIndexed { simm7 } => {
                        assert!(simm7.scale_ty == F64 || simm7.scale_ty == I8X16);
                        let reg = stack_reg();
                        sink.put4(enc_ldst_vec_pair(opc, 0b01, true, simm7, reg, rt, rt2));
                    }
                }
            }
            &Inst::FpuStoreP64 {
                rt,
                rt2,
                ref mem,
                flags,
            }
            | &Inst::FpuStoreP128 {
                rt,
                rt2,
                ref mem,
                flags,
            } => {
                let mem = mem.clone();

                if let Some(trap_code) = flags.trap_code() {
                    // Register the offset at which the actual store instruction starts.
                    sink.add_trap(trap_code);
                }

                let opc = match self {
                    &Inst::FpuStoreP64 { .. } => 0b01,
                    &Inst::FpuStoreP128 { .. } => 0b10,
                    _ => unreachable!(),
                };

                match &mem {
                    &PairAMode::SignedOffset { reg, simm7 } => {
                        assert!(simm7.scale_ty == F64 || simm7.scale_ty == I8X16);
                        sink.put4(enc_ldst_vec_pair(opc, 0b10, false, simm7, reg, rt, rt2));
                    }
                    &PairAMode::SPPreIndexed { simm7 } => {
                        assert!(simm7.scale_ty == F64 || simm7.scale_ty == I8X16);
                        let reg = stack_reg();
                        sink.put4(enc_ldst_vec_pair(opc, 0b11, false, simm7, reg, rt, rt2));
                    }
                    &PairAMode::SPPostIndexed { simm7 } => {
                        assert!(simm7.scale_ty == F64 || simm7.scale_ty == I8X16);
                        let reg = stack_reg();
                        sink.put4(enc_ldst_vec_pair(opc, 0b01, false, simm7, reg, rt, rt2));
                    }
                }
            }
            &Inst::Mov { size, rd, rm } => {
                assert!(rd.to_reg().class() == rm.class());
                assert!(rm.class() == RegClass::Int);

                match size {
                    OperandSize::Size64 => {
                        // MOV to SP is interpreted as MOV to XZR instead. And our codegen
                        // should never MOV to XZR.
                        assert!(rd.to_reg() != stack_reg());

                        if rm == stack_reg() {
                            // We can't use ORR here, so use an `add rd, sp, #0` instead.
                            let imm12 = Imm12::maybe_from_u64(0).unwrap();
                            sink.put4(enc_arith_rr_imm12(
                                0b100_10001,
                                imm12.shift_bits(),
                                imm12.imm_bits(),
                                rm,
                                rd,
                            ));
                        } else {
                            // Encoded as ORR rd, rm, zero.
                            sink.put4(enc_arith_rrr(0b10101010_000, 0b000_000, rd, zero_reg(), rm));
                        }
                    }
                    OperandSize::Size32 => {
                        // MOV to SP is interpreted as MOV to XZR instead. And our codegen
                        // should never MOV to XZR.
                        assert!(machreg_to_gpr(rd.to_reg()) != 31);
                        // Encoded as ORR rd, rm, zero.
                        sink.put4(enc_arith_rrr(0b00101010_000, 0b000_000, rd, zero_reg(), rm));
                    }
                }
            }
            &Inst::MovFromPReg { rd, rm } => {
                let rm: Reg = rm.into();
                debug_assert!(
                    [
                        regs::fp_reg(),
                        regs::stack_reg(),
                        regs::link_reg(),
                        regs::pinned_reg()
                    ]
                    .contains(&rm)
                );
                assert!(rm.class() == RegClass::Int);
                assert!(rd.to_reg().class() == rm.class());
                let size = OperandSize::Size64;
                Inst::Mov { size, rd, rm }.emit(sink, emit_info, state);
            }
            &Inst::MovToPReg { rd, rm } => {
                let rd: Writable<Reg> = Writable::from_reg(rd.into());
                debug_assert!(
                    [
                        regs::fp_reg(),
                        regs::stack_reg(),
                        regs::link_reg(),
                        regs::pinned_reg()
                    ]
                    .contains(&rd.to_reg())
                );
                assert!(rd.to_reg().class() == RegClass::Int);
                assert!(rm.class() == rd.to_reg().class());
                let size = OperandSize::Size64;
                Inst::Mov { size, rd, rm }.emit(sink, emit_info, state);
            }
            &Inst::MovWide { op, rd, imm, size } => {
                sink.put4(enc_move_wide(op, rd, imm, size));
            }
            &Inst::MovK { rd, rn, imm, size } => {
                debug_assert_eq!(rn, rd.to_reg());
                sink.put4(enc_movk(rd, imm, size));
            }
            &Inst::CSel { rd, rn, rm, cond } => {
                sink.put4(enc_csel(rd, rn, rm, cond, 0, 0));
            }
            &Inst::CSNeg { rd, rn, rm, cond } => {
                sink.put4(enc_csel(rd, rn, rm, cond, 1, 1));
            }
            &Inst::CSet { rd, cond } => {
                sink.put4(enc_csel(rd, zero_reg(), zero_reg(), cond.invert(), 0, 1));
            }
            &Inst::CSetm { rd, cond } => {
                sink.put4(enc_csel(rd, zero_reg(), zero_reg(), cond.invert(), 1, 0));
            }
            &Inst::CCmp {
                size,
                rn,
                rm,
                nzcv,
                cond,
            } => {
                sink.put4(enc_ccmp(size, rn, rm, nzcv, cond));
            }
            &Inst::CCmpImm {
                size,
                rn,
                imm,
                nzcv,
                cond,
            } => {
                sink.put4(enc_ccmp_imm(size, rn, imm, nzcv, cond));
            }
            &Inst::AtomicRMW {
                ty,
                op,
                rs,
                rt,
                rn,
                flags,
            } => {
                if let Some(trap_code) = flags.trap_code() {
                    sink.add_trap(trap_code);
                }

                sink.put4(enc_acq_rel(ty, op, rs, rt, rn));
            }
            &Inst::AtomicRMWLoop { ty, op, flags, .. } => {
                /* Emit this:
                     again:
                      ldaxr{,b,h}  x/w27, [x25]
                      // maybe sign extend
                      op          x28, x27, x26 // op is add,sub,and,orr,eor
                      stlxr{,b,h}  w24, x/w28, [x25]
                      cbnz        x24, again

                   Operand conventions:
                      IN:  x25 (addr), x26 (2nd arg for op)
                      OUT: x27 (old value), x24 (trashed), x28 (trashed)

                   It is unfortunate that, per the ARM documentation, x28 cannot be used for
                   both the store-data and success-flag operands of stlxr.  This causes the
                   instruction's behaviour to be "CONSTRAINED UNPREDICTABLE", so we use x24
                   instead for the success-flag.
                */
                // TODO: We should not hardcode registers here, a better idea would be to
                // pass some scratch registers in the AtomicRMWLoop pseudo-instruction, and use those
                let xzr = zero_reg();
                let x24 = xreg(24);
                let x25 = xreg(25);
                let x26 = xreg(26);
                let x27 = xreg(27);
                let x28 = xreg(28);
                let x24wr = writable_xreg(24);
                let x27wr = writable_xreg(27);
                let x28wr = writable_xreg(28);
                let again_label = sink.get_label();

                // again:
                sink.bind_label(again_label, &mut state.ctrl_plane);

                if let Some(trap_code) = flags.trap_code() {
                    sink.add_trap(trap_code);
                }

                sink.put4(enc_ldaxr(ty, x27wr, x25)); // ldaxr x27, [x25]
                let size = OperandSize::from_ty(ty);
                let sign_ext = match op {
                    AtomicRMWLoopOp::Smin | AtomicRMWLoopOp::Smax => match ty {
                        I16 => Some((ExtendOp::SXTH, 16)),
                        I8 => Some((ExtendOp::SXTB, 8)),
                        _ => None,
                    },
                    _ => None,
                };
                let zero_ext = match op {
                    AtomicRMWLoopOp::Umin | AtomicRMWLoopOp::Umax => match ty {
                        I16 => Some(ExtendOp::UXTH),
                        I8 => Some(ExtendOp::UXTB),
                        _ => None,
                    },
                    _ => None,
                };
                // sxt{b|h} the loaded result if necessary.
                if sign_ext.is_some() {
                    let (_, from_bits) = sign_ext.unwrap();
                    Inst::Extend {
                        rd: x27wr,
                        rn: x27,
                        signed: true,
                        from_bits,
                        to_bits: size.bits(),
                    }
                    .emit(sink, emit_info, state);
                }

                match op {
                    AtomicRMWLoopOp::Xchg => {} // do nothing
                    AtomicRMWLoopOp::Nand => {
                        // and x28, x27, x26
                        // mvn x28, x28

                        Inst::AluRRR {
                            alu_op: ALUOp::And,
                            size,
                            rd: x28wr,
                            rn: x27,
                            rm: x26,
                        }
                        .emit(sink, emit_info, state);

                        Inst::AluRRR {
                            alu_op: ALUOp::OrrNot,
                            size,
                            rd: x28wr,
                            rn: xzr,
                            rm: x28,
                        }
                        .emit(sink, emit_info, state);
                    }
                    AtomicRMWLoopOp::Umin
                    | AtomicRMWLoopOp::Umax
                    | AtomicRMWLoopOp::Smin
                    | AtomicRMWLoopOp::Smax => {
                        // cmp x27, x26 {?sxt}
                        // csel.op x28, x27, x26

                        let cond = match op {
                            AtomicRMWLoopOp::Umin => Cond::Lo,
                            AtomicRMWLoopOp::Umax => Cond::Hi,
                            AtomicRMWLoopOp::Smin => Cond::Lt,
                            AtomicRMWLoopOp::Smax => Cond::Gt,
                            _ => unreachable!(),
                        };

                        if let Some(extendop) = sign_ext.map(|(op, _)| op).or(zero_ext) {
                            Inst::AluRRRExtend {
                                alu_op: ALUOp::SubS,
                                size,
                                rd: writable_zero_reg(),
                                rn: x27,
                                rm: x26,
                                extendop,
                            }
                            .emit(sink, emit_info, state);
                        } else {
                            Inst::AluRRR {
                                alu_op: ALUOp::SubS,
                                size,
                                rd: writable_zero_reg(),
                                rn: x27,
                                rm: x26,
                            }
                            .emit(sink, emit_info, state);
                        }

                        Inst::CSel {
                            cond,
                            rd: x28wr,
                            rn: x27,
                            rm: x26,
                        }
                        .emit(sink, emit_info, state);
                    }
                    _ => {
                        // add/sub/and/orr/eor x28, x27, x26
                        let alu_op = match op {
                            AtomicRMWLoopOp::Add => ALUOp::Add,
                            AtomicRMWLoopOp::Sub => ALUOp::Sub,
                            AtomicRMWLoopOp::And => ALUOp::And,
                            AtomicRMWLoopOp::Orr => ALUOp::Orr,
                            AtomicRMWLoopOp::Eor => ALUOp::Eor,
                            AtomicRMWLoopOp::Nand
                            | AtomicRMWLoopOp::Umin
                            | AtomicRMWLoopOp::Umax
                            | AtomicRMWLoopOp::Smin
                            | AtomicRMWLoopOp::Smax
                            | AtomicRMWLoopOp::Xchg => unreachable!(),
                        };

                        Inst::AluRRR {
                            alu_op,
                            size,
                            rd: x28wr,
                            rn: x27,
                            rm: x26,
                        }
                        .emit(sink, emit_info, state);
                    }
                }

                if let Some(trap_code) = flags.trap_code() {
                    sink.add_trap(trap_code);
                }
                if op == AtomicRMWLoopOp::Xchg {
                    sink.put4(enc_stlxr(ty, x24wr, x26, x25)); // stlxr w24, x26, [x25]
                } else {
                    sink.put4(enc_stlxr(ty, x24wr, x28, x25)); // stlxr w24, x28, [x25]
                }

                // cbnz w24, again
                // Note, we're actually testing x24, and relying on the default zero-high-half
                // rule in the assignment that `stlxr` does.
                let br_offset = sink.cur_offset();
                sink.put4(enc_conditional_br(
                    BranchTarget::Label(again_label),
                    CondBrKind::NotZero(x24, OperandSize::Size64),
                ));
                sink.use_label_at_offset(br_offset, again_label, LabelUse::Branch19);
            }
            &Inst::AtomicRMW128Loop { op, flags, .. } => {
                /* Emit this:
                     again:
                      ldaxp       x27, x23, [x25]
                      op          x28, x21, x27, x23, x26, x22 // op is adds,subc,and,orr,eor
                      stlxp       w24, x28, [x25]
                      cbnz        x24, again

                   Operand conventions:
                      IN:  x25 (addr), x26 (low bytes of op), x22 (high bytes of op)
                      OUT: x27 (low bytes of old value), x23 (high bytes of old value), x24 (trashed), x28 (trashed), x21 (trashed)

                   It is unfortunate that, per the ARM documentation, x28 cannot be used for
                   both the store-data and success-flag operands of stlxr.  This causes the
                   instruction's behaviour to be "CONSTRAINED UNPREDICTABLE", so we use x24
                   instead for the success-flag.
                */
                // TODO: We should not hardcode registers here, a better idea would be to
                // pass some scratch registers in the AtomicRMWLoop pseudo-instruction, and use those
                let xzr = zero_reg();
                let x21 = xreg(21);
                let x22 = xreg(22);
                let x23 = xreg(23);
                let x24 = xreg(24);
                let x25 = xreg(25);
                let x26 = xreg(26);
                let x27 = xreg(27);
                let x28 = xreg(28);
                let x21wr = writable_xreg(21);
                let x23wr = writable_xreg(23);
                let x24wr = writable_xreg(24);
                let x27wr = writable_xreg(27);
                let x28wr = writable_xreg(28);
                let again_label = sink.get_label();

                // again:
                sink.bind_label(again_label, &mut state.ctrl_plane);

                if let Some(trap_code) = flags.trap_code() {
                    sink.add_trap(trap_code);
                }

                sink.put4(enc_ldaxp(I64, x27wr, x23wr, x25)); // ldaxp x27, x23, [x25]

                match op {
                    AtomicRMWLoopOp::Xchg => {} // do nothing
                    AtomicRMWLoopOp::Smax
                    | AtomicRMWLoopOp::Umax
                    | AtomicRMWLoopOp::Smin
                    | AtomicRMWLoopOp::Umin => {
                        // cmp x27, x26
                        // sbcs xzr, x23, x22
                        // csel.op x21, x22, x23
                        // csel.op x28, x26, x27

                        let cond = match op {
                            AtomicRMWLoopOp::Smax => Cond::Lt,
                            AtomicRMWLoopOp::Umax => Cond::Lo,
                            AtomicRMWLoopOp::Smin => Cond::Ge,
                            AtomicRMWLoopOp::Umin => Cond::Hs,
                            _ => unreachable!(),
                        };

                        Inst::AluRRR {
                            alu_op: ALUOp::SubS,
                            size: OperandSize::Size64,
                            rd: writable_zero_reg(),
                            rn: x27,
                            rm: x26,
                        }
                        .emit(sink, emit_info, state);

                        Inst::AluRRR {
                            alu_op: ALUOp::SbcS,
                            size: OperandSize::Size64,
                            rd: writable_zero_reg(),
                            rn: x23,
                            rm: x22,
                        }
                        .emit(sink, emit_info, state);

                        Inst::CSel {
                            cond,
                            rd: x21wr,
                            rn: x22,
                            rm: x23,
                        }
                        .emit(sink, emit_info, state);

                        Inst::CSel {
                            cond,
                            rd: x28wr,
                            rn: x26,
                            rm: x27,
                        }
                        .emit(sink, emit_info, state);
                    }
                    _ => {
                        let (op_lo, op_hi) = match op {
                            // adds x28, x27, x26
                            // adc x21, x23, x22
                            AtomicRMWLoopOp::Add => (ALUOp::AddS, ALUOp::Adc),
                            // subs x28, x27, x26
                            // sbc x21, x23, x22
                            AtomicRMWLoopOp::Sub => (ALUOp::SubS, ALUOp::Sbc),
                            // and x28, x27, x26
                            // and x21, x23, x22
                            AtomicRMWLoopOp::And | AtomicRMWLoopOp::Nand => {
                                (ALUOp::And, ALUOp::And)
                            }
                            // orr x28, x27, x26
                            // orr x21, x23, x22
                            AtomicRMWLoopOp::Orr => (ALUOp::Orr, ALUOp::Orr),
                            // eor x28, x27, x26
                            // eor x21, x23, x22
                            AtomicRMWLoopOp::Eor => (ALUOp::Eor, ALUOp::Eor),
                            _ => unreachable!(),
                        };

                        Inst::AluRRR {
                            alu_op: op_lo,
                            size: OperandSize::Size64,
                            rd: x28wr,
                            rn: x27,
                            rm: x26,
                        }
                        .emit(sink, emit_info, state);

                        Inst::AluRRR {
                            alu_op: op_hi,
                            size: OperandSize::Size64,
                            rd: x21wr,
                            rn: x23,
                            rm: x22,
                        }
                        .emit(sink, emit_info, state);

                        if op == AtomicRMWLoopOp::Nand {
                            // mvn x28, x28
                            // mvn x21, x21

                            Inst::AluRRR {
                                alu_op: ALUOp::OrrNot,
                                size: OperandSize::Size64,
                                rd: x28wr,
                                rn: xzr,
                                rm: x28,
                            }
                            .emit(sink, emit_info, state);

                            Inst::AluRRR {
                                alu_op: ALUOp::OrrNot,
                                size: OperandSize::Size64,
                                rd: x21wr,
                                rn: xzr,
                                rm: x21,
                            }
                            .emit(sink, emit_info, state);
                        }
                    }
                }

                if let Some(trap_code) = flags.trap_code() {
                    sink.add_trap(trap_code);
                }

                if op == AtomicRMWLoopOp::Xchg {
                    sink.put4(enc_stlxp(I64, x24wr, x26, x22, x25)); // stlxp w24, x26, x22, [x25]
                } else {
                    sink.put4(enc_stlxp(I64, x24wr, x28, x21, x25)); // stlxp w24, x28, x21, [x25]
                }

                // cbnz w24, again
                // Note, we're actually testing x24, and relying on the default zero-high-half
                // rule in the assignment that `stlxp` does.
                let br_offset = sink.cur_offset();
                sink.put4(enc_conditional_br(
                    BranchTarget::Label(again_label),
                    CondBrKind::NotZero(x24, OperandSize::Size64),
                ));
                sink.use_label_at_offset(br_offset, again_label, LabelUse::Branch19);
            }
            &Inst::AtomicCAS {
                rd,
                rs,
                rt,
                rn,
                ty,
                flags,
            } => {
                debug_assert_eq!(rd.to_reg(), rs);
                let size = match ty {
                    I8 => 0b00,
                    I16 => 0b01,
                    I32 => 0b10,
                    I64 => 0b11,
                    _ => panic!("Unsupported type: {ty}"),
                };

                if let Some(trap_code) = flags.trap_code() {
                    sink.add_trap(trap_code);
                }

                sink.put4(enc_cas(size, rd, rt, rn));
            }
            Inst::AtomicCAS128 { args } => {
                let &AtomicCAS128Args {
                    rd_lo,
                    rd_hi,
                    rs_lo,
                    rs_hi,
                    rt_lo,
                    rt_hi,
                    rn,
                    flags,
                } = &**args;
                debug_assert_eq!(rd_lo.to_reg(), rs_lo);
                debug_assert_eq!(rd_hi.to_reg(), rs_hi);

                // These should be pinned to pairs that `casp` requires.
                debug_assert_eq!(rs_hi, xreg(machreg_to_gpr(rs_lo) as u8 + 1));
                debug_assert_eq!(rt_hi, xreg(machreg_to_gpr(rt_lo) as u8 + 1));

                if let Some(trap_code) = flags.trap_code() {
                    sink.add_trap(trap_code);
                }

                sink.put4(enc_casp(rd_lo, rt_lo, rn));
            }
            &Inst::AtomicCASLoop { ty, flags, .. } => {
                /* Emit this:
                    again:
                     ldaxr{,b,h} x/w27, [x25]
                     cmp         x27, x/w26 uxt{b,h}
                     b.ne        out
                     stlxr{,b,h} w24, x/w28, [x25]
                     cbnz        x24, again
                    out:

                  Operand conventions:
                     IN:  x25 (addr), x26 (expected value), x28 (replacement value)
                     OUT: x27 (old value), x24 (trashed)
                */
                let x24 = xreg(24);
                let x25 = xreg(25);
                let x26 = xreg(26);
                let x27 = xreg(27);
                let x28 = xreg(28);
                let xzrwr = writable_zero_reg();
                let x24wr = writable_xreg(24);
                let x27wr = writable_xreg(27);
                let again_label = sink.get_label();
                let out_label = sink.get_label();

                // again:
                sink.bind_label(again_label, &mut state.ctrl_plane);

                if let Some(trap_code) = flags.trap_code() {
                    sink.add_trap(trap_code);
                }

                // ldaxr x27, [x25]
                sink.put4(enc_ldaxr(ty, x27wr, x25));

                // The top 32-bits are zero-extended by the ldaxr so we don't
                // have to use UXTW, just the x-form of the register.
                let (bit21, extend_op) = match ty {
                    I8 => (0b1, 0b000000),
                    I16 => (0b1, 0b001000),
                    _ => (0b0, 0b000000),
                };
                let bits_31_21 = 0b111_01011_000 | bit21;
                // cmp x27, x26 (== subs xzr, x27, x26)
                sink.put4(enc_arith_rrr(bits_31_21, extend_op, xzrwr, x27, x26));

                // b.ne out
                let br_out_offset = sink.cur_offset();
                sink.put4(enc_conditional_br(
                    BranchTarget::Label(out_label),
                    CondBrKind::Cond(Cond::Ne),
                ));
                sink.use_label_at_offset(br_out_offset, out_label, LabelUse::Branch19);

                if let Some(trap_code) = flags.trap_code() {
                    sink.add_trap(trap_code);
                }

                sink.put4(enc_stlxr(ty, x24wr, x28, x25)); // stlxr w24, x28, [x25]

                // cbnz w24, again.
                // Note, we're actually testing x24, and relying on the default zero-high-half
                // rule in the assignment that `stlxr` does.
                let br_again_offset = sink.cur_offset();
                sink.put4(enc_conditional_br(
                    BranchTarget::Label(again_label),
                    CondBrKind::NotZero(x24, OperandSize::Size64),
                ));
                sink.use_label_at_offset(br_again_offset, again_label, LabelUse::Branch19);

                // out:
                sink.bind_label(out_label, &mut state.ctrl_plane);
            }
            &Inst::AtomicCAS128Loop { flags, .. } => {
                /* Emit this:
                    again:
                     ldaxp       x27, x21, [x25]
                     cmp         x27, x26
                     b.ne        keep
                     cmp         x21, x23
                     b.ne        keep
                     stlxp       w24, x28, x22, [x25]
                     cbnz        w24, again
                     b           out
                    keep:
                     stlxp       w24, x27, x21, [x25]
                     cbnz        w24, again
                    out:

                  Operand conventions:
                     IN:  x25 (addr), x26 (low bytes of expected value), x23 (high bytes of expected value), x28 (low bytes of replacement value), x22 (high bytes of replacement value)
                     OUT: x27 (low bytes of old value), x21 (high bytes of old value), x24 (trashed)
                */
                let x21 = xreg(21);
                let x22 = xreg(22);
                let x23 = xreg(23);
                let x24 = xreg(24);
                let x25 = xreg(25);
                let x26 = xreg(26);
                let x27 = xreg(27);
                let x28 = xreg(28);
                let xzrwr = writable_zero_reg();
                let x21wr = writable_xreg(21);
                let x24wr = writable_xreg(24);
                let x27wr = writable_xreg(27);
                let again_label = sink.get_label();
                let keep_label = sink.get_label();
                let out_label = sink.get_label();

                // again:
                sink.bind_label(again_label, &mut state.ctrl_plane);

                if let Some(trap_code) = flags.trap_code() {
                    sink.add_trap(trap_code);
                }

                // ldaxp x27, x21, [x25]
                sink.put4(enc_ldaxp(I64, x27wr, x21wr, x25));

                // cmp x27, x26
                Inst::AluRRR {
                    alu_op: ALUOp::SubS,
                    size: OperandSize::Size64,
                    rd: xzrwr,
                    rn: x27,
                    rm: x26,
                }
                .emit(sink, emit_info, state);

                // b.ne keep
                let br_keep_offset = sink.cur_offset();
                sink.put4(enc_conditional_br(
                    BranchTarget::Label(keep_label),
                    CondBrKind::Cond(Cond::Ne),
                ));
                sink.use_label_at_offset(br_keep_offset, keep_label, LabelUse::Branch19);

                // cmp x21, x23
                Inst::AluRRR {
                    alu_op: ALUOp::SubS,
                    size: OperandSize::Size64,
                    rd: xzrwr,
                    rn: x21,
                    rm: x23,
                }
                .emit(sink, emit_info, state);

                // b.ne keep
                let br_keep_offset = sink.cur_offset();
                sink.put4(enc_conditional_br(
                    BranchTarget::Label(keep_label),
                    CondBrKind::Cond(Cond::Ne),
                ));
                sink.use_label_at_offset(br_keep_offset, keep_label, LabelUse::Branch19);

                if let Some(trap_code) = flags.trap_code() {
                    sink.add_trap(trap_code);
                }

                // stlxp w24, x28, x22, [x25]
                sink.put4(enc_stlxp(I64, x24wr, x28, x22, x25));

                // cbnz w24, again
                let br_again_offset = sink.cur_offset();
                sink.put4(enc_conditional_br(
                    BranchTarget::Label(again_label),
                    CondBrKind::NotZero(x24, OperandSize::Size64),
                ));
                sink.use_label_at_offset(br_again_offset, again_label, LabelUse::Branch19);

                // b out
                let b_out_offset = sink.cur_offset();
                sink.put4(enc_jump26(
                    0b000101,
                    BranchTarget::Label(out_label).as_offset26_or_zero(),
                ));
                sink.use_label_at_offset(b_out_offset, out_label, LabelUse::Branch26);

                // keep:
                sink.bind_label(keep_label, &mut state.ctrl_plane);

                if let Some(trap_code) = flags.trap_code() {
                    sink.add_trap(trap_code);
                }

                // stlxp w24, x27, x21, [x25]
                sink.put4(enc_stlxp(I64, x24wr, x27, x21, x25));

                // cbnz w24, again
                let br_again_offset = sink.cur_offset();
                sink.put4(enc_conditional_br(
                    BranchTarget::Label(again_label),
                    CondBrKind::NotZero(x24, OperandSize::Size64),
                ));
                sink.use_label_at_offset(br_again_offset, again_label, LabelUse::Branch19);

                // out:
                sink.bind_label(out_label, &mut state.ctrl_plane);
            }
            &Inst::LoadAcquire {
                access_ty,
                rt,
                rn,
                flags,
            } => {
                if let Some(trap_code) = flags.trap_code() {
                    sink.add_trap(trap_code);
                }

                sink.put4(enc_ldar(access_ty, rt, rn));
            }
            &Inst::LoadAcquire128 {
                rt1,
                rt2,
                rn,
                scratch,
                flags,
            } => {
                let again_label = sink.get_label();

                // again:
                sink.bind_label(again_label, &mut state.ctrl_plane);

                if let Some(trap_code) = flags.trap_code() {
                    sink.add_trap(trap_code);
                }

                // ldaxp rt1, rt2, [rn]
                sink.put4(enc_ldaxp(I64, rt1, rt2, rn));

                if let Some(trap_code) = flags.trap_code() {
                    sink.add_trap(trap_code);
                }

                // stxp scratch, rt1, rt2, [rn]
                sink.put4(enc_stxp(I64, scratch, rt1.to_reg(), rt2.to_reg(), rn));

                // cbnz scratch, again.
                let br_again_offset = sink.cur_offset();
                sink.put4(enc_conditional_br(
                    BranchTarget::Label(again_label),
                    CondBrKind::NotZero(scratch.to_reg(), OperandSize::Size64),
                ));
                sink.use_label_at_offset(br_again_offset, again_label, LabelUse::Branch19);
            }
            &Inst::StoreRelease {
                access_ty,
                rt,
                rn,
                flags,
            } => {
                if let Some(trap_code) = flags.trap_code() {
                    sink.add_trap(trap_code);
                }

                sink.put4(enc_stlr(access_ty, rt, rn));
            }
            &Inst::StoreRelease128 {
                rt1,
                rt2,
                rn,
                scratch,
                flags,
            } => {
                let again_label = sink.get_label();

                // again:
                sink.bind_label(again_label, &mut state.ctrl_plane);

                if let Some(trap_code) = flags.trap_code() {
                    sink.add_trap(trap_code);
                }

                // ldxp xzr, scratch, [rn]
                sink.put4(enc_ldxp(I64, writable_zero_reg(), scratch, rn));

                if let Some(trap_code) = flags.trap_code() {
                    sink.add_trap(trap_code);
                }

                // stlxp scratch, rt1, rt2, [rn]
                sink.put4(enc_stlxp(I64, scratch, rt1, rt2, rn));

                // cbnz scratch, again.
                let br_again_offset = sink.cur_offset();
                sink.put4(enc_conditional_br(
                    BranchTarget::Label(again_label),
                    CondBrKind::NotZero(scratch.to_reg(), OperandSize::Size64),
                ));
                sink.use_label_at_offset(br_again_offset, again_label, LabelUse::Branch19);
            }
            &Inst::Fence {} => {
                sink.put4(enc_dmb_ish()); // dmb ish
            }
            &Inst::Csdb {} => {
                sink.put4(0xd503229f);
            }
            &Inst::FpuMove32 { rd, rn } => {
                sink.put4(enc_fpurr(0b000_11110_00_1_000000_10000, rd, rn));
            }
            &Inst::FpuMove64 { rd, rn } => {
                sink.put4(enc_fpurr(0b000_11110_01_1_000000_10000, rd, rn));
            }
            &Inst::FpuMove128 { rd, rn } => {
                sink.put4(enc_vecmov(/* 16b = */ true, rd, rn));
            }
            &Inst::FpuMoveFromVec { rd, rn, idx, size } => {
                let (imm5, shift, mask) = match size.lane_size() {
                    ScalarSize::Size32 => (0b00100, 3, 0b011),
                    ScalarSize::Size64 => (0b01000, 4, 0b001),
                    _ => unimplemented!(),
                };
                debug_assert_eq!(idx & mask, idx);
                let imm5 = imm5 | ((idx as u32) << shift);
                sink.put4(
                    0b010_11110000_00000_000001_00000_00000
                        | (imm5 << 16)
                        | (machreg_to_vec(rn) << 5)
                        | machreg_to_vec(rd.to_reg()),
                );
            }
            &Inst::FpuExtend { rd, rn, size } => {
                sink.put4(enc_fpurr(
                    0b000_11110_00_1_000000_10000 | (size.ftype() << 12),
                    rd,
                    rn,
                ));
            }
            &Inst::FpuRR {
                fpu_op,
                size,
                rd,
                rn,
            } => {
                let top22 = match fpu_op {
                    FPUOp1::Abs => 0b000_11110_00_1_000001_10000,
                    FPUOp1::Neg => 0b000_11110_00_1_000010_10000,
                    FPUOp1::Sqrt => 0b000_11110_00_1_000011_10000,
                    FPUOp1::Cvt16To32 => {
                        debug_assert_eq!(size, ScalarSize::Size16);
                        0b000_11110_11_1_000100_10000
                    }
                    FPUOp1::Cvt32To64 => {
                        debug_assert_eq!(size, ScalarSize::Size32);
                        0b000_11110_00_1_000101_10000
                    }
                    FPUOp1::Cvt64To32 => {
                        debug_assert_eq!(size, ScalarSize::Size64);
                        0b000_11110_01_1_000100_10000
                    }
                };
                let top22 = top22 | size.ftype() << 12;
                sink.put4(enc_fpurr(top22, rd, rn));
            }
            &Inst::FpuRRR {
                fpu_op,
                size,
                rd,
                rn,
                rm,
            } => {
                let top22 = match fpu_op {
                    FPUOp2::Add => 0b000_11110_00_1_00000_001010,
                    FPUOp2::Sub => 0b000_11110_00_1_00000_001110,
                    FPUOp2::Mul => 0b000_11110_00_1_00000_000010,
                    FPUOp2::Div => 0b000_11110_00_1_00000_000110,
                    FPUOp2::Max => 0b000_11110_00_1_00000_010010,
                    FPUOp2::Min => 0b000_11110_00_1_00000_010110,
                };
                let top22 = top22 | size.ftype() << 12;
                sink.put4(enc_fpurrr(top22, rd, rn, rm));
            }
            &Inst::FpuRRI { fpu_op, rd, rn } => match fpu_op {
                FPUOpRI::UShr32(imm) => {
                    debug_assert_eq!(32, imm.lane_size_in_bits);
                    sink.put4(
                        0b0_0_1_011110_0000000_00_0_0_0_1_00000_00000
                            | imm.enc() << 16
                            | machreg_to_vec(rn) << 5
                            | machreg_to_vec(rd.to_reg()),
                    )
                }
                FPUOpRI::UShr64(imm) => {
                    debug_assert_eq!(64, imm.lane_size_in_bits);
                    sink.put4(
                        0b01_1_111110_0000000_00_0_0_0_1_00000_00000
                            | imm.enc() << 16
                            | machreg_to_vec(rn) << 5
                            | machreg_to_vec(rd.to_reg()),
                    )
                }
            },
            &Inst::FpuRRIMod { fpu_op, rd, ri, rn } => {
                debug_assert_eq!(rd.to_reg(), ri);
                match fpu_op {
                    FPUOpRIMod::Sli64(imm) => {
                        debug_assert_eq!(64, imm.lane_size_in_bits);
                        sink.put4(
                            0b01_1_111110_0000000_010101_00000_00000
                                | imm.enc() << 16
                                | machreg_to_vec(rn) << 5
                                | machreg_to_vec(rd.to_reg()),
                        )
                    }
                    FPUOpRIMod::Sli32(imm) => {
                        debug_assert_eq!(32, imm.lane_size_in_bits);
                        sink.put4(
                            0b0_0_1_011110_0000000_010101_00000_00000
                                | imm.enc() << 16
                                | machreg_to_vec(rn) << 5
                                | machreg_to_vec(rd.to_reg()),
                        )
                    }
                }
            }
            &Inst::FpuRRRR {
                fpu_op,
                size,
                rd,
                rn,
                rm,
                ra,
            } => {
                let top17 = match fpu_op {
                    FPUOp3::MAdd => 0b000_11111_00_0_00000_0,
                    FPUOp3::MSub => 0b000_11111_00_0_00000_1,
                    FPUOp3::NMAdd => 0b000_11111_00_1_00000_0,
                    FPUOp3::NMSub => 0b000_11111_00_1_00000_1,
                };
                let top17 = top17 | size.ftype() << 7;
                sink.put4(enc_fpurrrr(top17, rd, rn, rm, ra));
            }
            &Inst::VecMisc { op, rd, rn, size } => {
                let (q, enc_size) = size.enc_size();
                let (u, bits_12_16, size) = match op {
                    VecMisc2::Not => (0b1, 0b00101, 0b00),
                    VecMisc2::Neg => (0b1, 0b01011, enc_size),
                    VecMisc2::Abs => (0b0, 0b01011, enc_size),
                    VecMisc2::Fabs => {
                        debug_assert!(
                            size == VectorSize::Size32x2
                                || size == VectorSize::Size32x4
                                || size == VectorSize::Size64x2
                        );
                        (0b0, 0b01111, enc_size)
                    }
                    VecMisc2::Fneg => {
                        debug_assert!(
                            size == VectorSize::Size32x2
                                || size == VectorSize::Size32x4
                                || size == VectorSize::Size64x2
                        );
                        (0b1, 0b01111, enc_size)
                    }
                    VecMisc2::Fsqrt => {
                        debug_assert!(
                            size == VectorSize::Size32x2
                                || size == VectorSize::Size32x4
                                || size == VectorSize::Size64x2
                        );
                        (0b1, 0b11111, enc_size)
                    }
                    VecMisc2::Rev16 => {
                        debug_assert_eq!(size, VectorSize::Size8x16);
                        (0b0, 0b00001, enc_size)
                    }
                    VecMisc2::Rev32 => {
                        debug_assert!(size == VectorSize::Size8x16 || size == VectorSize::Size16x8);
                        (0b1, 0b00000, enc_size)
                    }
                    VecMisc2::Rev64 => {
                        debug_assert!(
                            size == VectorSize::Size8x16
                                || size == VectorSize::Size16x8
                                || size == VectorSize::Size32x4
                        );
                        (0b0, 0b00000, enc_size)
                    }
                    VecMisc2::Fcvtzs => {
                        debug_assert!(
                            size == VectorSize::Size32x2
                                || size == VectorSize::Size32x4
                                || size == VectorSize::Size64x2
                        );
                        (0b0, 0b11011, enc_size)
                    }
                    VecMisc2::Fcvtzu => {
                        debug_assert!(
                            size == VectorSize::Size32x2
                                || size == VectorSize::Size32x4
                                || size == VectorSize::Size64x2
                        );
                        (0b1, 0b11011, enc_size)
                    }
                    VecMisc2::Scvtf => {
                        debug_assert!(size == VectorSize::Size32x4 || size == VectorSize::Size64x2);
                        (0b0, 0b11101, enc_size & 0b1)
                    }
                    VecMisc2::Ucvtf => {
                        debug_assert!(size == VectorSize::Size32x4 || size == VectorSize::Size64x2);
                        (0b1, 0b11101, enc_size & 0b1)
                    }
                    VecMisc2::Frintn => {
                        debug_assert!(
                            size == VectorSize::Size32x2
                                || size == VectorSize::Size32x4
                                || size == VectorSize::Size64x2
                        );
                        (0b0, 0b11000, enc_size & 0b01)
                    }
                    VecMisc2::Frintz => {
                        debug_assert!(
                            size == VectorSize::Size32x2
                                || size == VectorSize::Size32x4
                                || size == VectorSize::Size64x2
                        );
                        (0b0, 0b11001, enc_size)
                    }
                    VecMisc2::Frintm => {
                        debug_assert!(
                            size == VectorSize::Size32x2
                                || size == VectorSize::Size32x4
                                || size == VectorSize::Size64x2
                        );
                        (0b0, 0b11001, enc_size & 0b01)
                    }
                    VecMisc2::Frintp => {
                        debug_assert!(
                            size == VectorSize::Size32x2
                                || size == VectorSize::Size32x4
                                || size == VectorSize::Size64x2
                        );
                        (0b0, 0b11000, enc_size)
                    }
                    VecMisc2::Cnt => {
                        debug_assert!(size == VectorSize::Size8x8 || size == VectorSize::Size8x16);
                        (0b0, 0b00101, enc_size)
                    }
                    VecMisc2::Cmeq0 => (0b0, 0b01001, enc_size),
                    VecMisc2::Cmge0 => (0b1, 0b01000, enc_size),
                    VecMisc2::Cmgt0 => (0b0, 0b01000, enc_size),
                    VecMisc2::Cmle0 => (0b1, 0b01001, enc_size),
                    VecMisc2::Cmlt0 => (0b0, 0b01010, enc_size),
                    VecMisc2::Fcmeq0 => {
                        debug_assert!(
                            size == VectorSize::Size32x2
                                || size == VectorSize::Size32x4
                                || size == VectorSize::Size64x2
                        );
                        (0b0, 0b01101, enc_size)
                    }
                    VecMisc2::Fcmge0 => {
                        debug_assert!(
                            size == VectorSize::Size32x2
                                || size == VectorSize::Size32x4
                                || size == VectorSize::Size64x2
                        );
                        (0b1, 0b01100, enc_size)
                    }
                    VecMisc2::Fcmgt0 => {
                        debug_assert!(
                            size == VectorSize::Size32x2
                                || size == VectorSize::Size32x4
                                || size == VectorSize::Size64x2
                        );
                        (0b0, 0b01100, enc_size)
                    }
                    VecMisc2::Fcmle0 => {
                        debug_assert!(
                            size == VectorSize::Size32x2
                                || size == VectorSize::Size32x4
                                || size == VectorSize::Size64x2
                        );
                        (0b1, 0b01101, enc_size)
                    }
                    VecMisc2::Fcmlt0 => {
                        debug_assert!(
                            size == VectorSize::Size32x2
                                || size == VectorSize::Size32x4
                                || size == VectorSize::Size64x2
                        );
                        (0b0, 0b01110, enc_size)
                    }
                };
                sink.put4(enc_vec_rr_misc((q << 1) | u, size, bits_12_16, rd, rn));
            }
            &Inst::VecLanes { op, rd, rn, size } => {
                let (q, size) = match size {
                    VectorSize::Size8x8 => (0b0, 0b00),
                    VectorSize::Size8x16 => (0b1, 0b00),
                    VectorSize::Size16x4 => (0b0, 0b01),
                    VectorSize::Size16x8 => (0b1, 0b01),
                    VectorSize::Size32x4 => (0b1, 0b10),
                    _ => unreachable!(),
                };
                let (u, opcode) = match op {
                    VecLanesOp::Uminv => (0b1, 0b11010),
                    VecLanesOp::Addv => (0b0, 0b11011),
                };
                sink.put4(enc_vec_lanes(q, u, size, opcode, rd, rn));
            }
            &Inst::VecShiftImm {
                op,
                rd,
                rn,
                size,
                imm,
            } => {
                let (is_shr, mut template) = match op {
                    VecShiftImmOp::Ushr => (true, 0b_001_011110_0000_000_000001_00000_00000_u32),
                    VecShiftImmOp::Sshr => (true, 0b_000_011110_0000_000_000001_00000_00000_u32),
                    VecShiftImmOp::Shl => (false, 0b_000_011110_0000_000_010101_00000_00000_u32),
                };
                if size.is_128bits() {
                    template |= 0b1 << 30;
                }
                let imm = imm as u32;
                // Deal with the somewhat strange encoding scheme for, and limits on,
                // the shift amount.
                let immh_immb = match (size.lane_size(), is_shr) {
                    (ScalarSize::Size64, true) if imm >= 1 && imm <= 64 => {
                        0b_1000_000_u32 | (64 - imm)
                    }
                    (ScalarSize::Size32, true) if imm >= 1 && imm <= 32 => {
                        0b_0100_000_u32 | (32 - imm)
                    }
                    (ScalarSize::Size16, true) if imm >= 1 && imm <= 16 => {
                        0b_0010_000_u32 | (16 - imm)
                    }
                    (ScalarSize::Size8, true) if imm >= 1 && imm <= 8 => {
                        0b_0001_000_u32 | (8 - imm)
                    }
                    (ScalarSize::Size64, false) if imm <= 63 => 0b_1000_000_u32 | imm,
                    (ScalarSize::Size32, false) if imm <= 31 => 0b_0100_000_u32 | imm,
                    (ScalarSize::Size16, false) if imm <= 15 => 0b_0010_000_u32 | imm,
                    (ScalarSize::Size8, false) if imm <= 7 => 0b_0001_000_u32 | imm,
                    _ => panic!(
                        "aarch64: Inst::VecShiftImm: emit: invalid op/size/imm {op:?}, {size:?}, {imm:?}"
                    ),
                };
                let rn_enc = machreg_to_vec(rn);
                let rd_enc = machreg_to_vec(rd.to_reg());
                sink.put4(template | (immh_immb << 16) | (rn_enc << 5) | rd_enc);
            }
            &Inst::VecShiftImmMod {
                op,
                rd,
                ri,
                rn,
                size,
                imm,
            } => {
                debug_assert_eq!(rd.to_reg(), ri);
                let (is_shr, mut template) = match op {
                    VecShiftImmModOp::Sli => (false, 0b_001_011110_0000_000_010101_00000_00000_u32),
                };
                if size.is_128bits() {
                    template |= 0b1 << 30;
                }
                let imm = imm as u32;
                // Deal with the somewhat strange encoding scheme for, and limits on,
                // the shift amount.
                let immh_immb = match (size.lane_size(), is_shr) {
                    (ScalarSize::Size64, true) if imm >= 1 && imm <= 64 => {
                        0b_1000_000_u32 | (64 - imm)
                    }
                    (ScalarSize::Size32, true) if imm >= 1 && imm <= 32 => {
                        0b_0100_000_u32 | (32 - imm)
                    }
                    (ScalarSize::Size16, true) if imm >= 1 && imm <= 16 => {
                        0b_0010_000_u32 | (16 - imm)
                    }
                    (ScalarSize::Size8, true) if imm >= 1 && imm <= 8 => {
                        0b_0001_000_u32 | (8 - imm)
                    }
                    (ScalarSize::Size64, false) if imm <= 63 => 0b_1000_000_u32 | imm,
                    (ScalarSize::Size32, false) if imm <= 31 => 0b_0100_000_u32 | imm,
                    (ScalarSize::Size16, false) if imm <= 15 => 0b_0010_000_u32 | imm,
                    (ScalarSize::Size8, false) if imm <= 7 => 0b_0001_000_u32 | imm,
                    _ => panic!(
                        "aarch64: Inst::VecShiftImmMod: emit: invalid op/size/imm {op:?}, {size:?}, {imm:?}"
                    ),
                };
                let rn_enc = machreg_to_vec(rn);
                let rd_enc = machreg_to_vec(rd.to_reg());
                sink.put4(template | (immh_immb << 16) | (rn_enc << 5) | rd_enc);
            }
            &Inst::VecExtract { rd, rn, rm, imm4 } => {
                if imm4 < 16 {
                    let template = 0b_01_101110_000_00000_0_0000_0_00000_00000_u32;
                    let rm_enc = machreg_to_vec(rm);
                    let rn_enc = machreg_to_vec(rn);
                    let rd_enc = machreg_to_vec(rd.to_reg());
                    sink.put4(
                        template | (rm_enc << 16) | ((imm4 as u32) << 11) | (rn_enc << 5) | rd_enc,
                    );
                } else {
                    panic!("aarch64: Inst::VecExtract: emit: invalid extract index {imm4}");
                }
            }
            &Inst::VecTbl { rd, rn, rm } => {
                sink.put4(enc_tbl(/* is_extension = */ false, 0b00, rd, rn, rm));
            }
            &Inst::VecTblExt { rd, ri, rn, rm } => {
                debug_assert_eq!(rd.to_reg(), ri);
                sink.put4(enc_tbl(/* is_extension = */ true, 0b00, rd, rn, rm));
            }
            &Inst::VecTbl2 { rd, rn, rn2, rm } => {
                assert_eq!(machreg_to_vec(rn2), (machreg_to_vec(rn) + 1) % 32);
                sink.put4(enc_tbl(/* is_extension = */ false, 0b01, rd, rn, rm));
            }
            &Inst::VecTbl2Ext {
                rd,
                ri,
                rn,
                rn2,
                rm,
            } => {
                debug_assert_eq!(rd.to_reg(), ri);
                assert_eq!(machreg_to_vec(rn2), (machreg_to_vec(rn) + 1) % 32);
                sink.put4(enc_tbl(/* is_extension = */ true, 0b01, rd, rn, rm));
            }
            &Inst::FpuCmp { size, rn, rm } => {
                sink.put4(enc_fcmp(size, rn, rm));
            }
            &Inst::FpuToInt { op, rd, rn } => {
                let top16 = match op {
                    // FCVTZS (32/32-bit)
                    FpuToIntOp::F32ToI32 => 0b000_11110_00_1_11_000,
                    // FCVTZU (32/32-bit)
                    FpuToIntOp::F32ToU32 => 0b000_11110_00_1_11_001,
                    // FCVTZS (32/64-bit)
                    FpuToIntOp::F32ToI64 => 0b100_11110_00_1_11_000,
                    // FCVTZU (32/64-bit)
                    FpuToIntOp::F32ToU64 => 0b100_11110_00_1_11_001,
                    // FCVTZS (64/32-bit)
                    FpuToIntOp::F64ToI32 => 0b000_11110_01_1_11_000,
                    // FCVTZU (64/32-bit)
                    FpuToIntOp::F64ToU32 => 0b000_11110_01_1_11_001,
                    // FCVTZS (64/64-bit)
                    FpuToIntOp::F64ToI64 => 0b100_11110_01_1_11_000,
                    // FCVTZU (64/64-bit)
                    FpuToIntOp::F64ToU64 => 0b100_11110_01_1_11_001,
                };
                sink.put4(enc_fputoint(top16, rd, rn));
            }
            &Inst::IntToFpu { op, rd, rn } => {
                let top16 = match op {
                    // SCVTF (32/32-bit)
                    IntToFpuOp::I32ToF32 => 0b000_11110_00_1_00_010,
                    // UCVTF (32/32-bit)
                    IntToFpuOp::U32ToF32 => 0b000_11110_00_1_00_011,
                    // SCVTF (64/32-bit)
                    IntToFpuOp::I64ToF32 => 0b100_11110_00_1_00_010,
                    // UCVTF (64/32-bit)
                    IntToFpuOp::U64ToF32 => 0b100_11110_00_1_00_011,
                    // SCVTF (32/64-bit)
                    IntToFpuOp::I32ToF64 => 0b000_11110_01_1_00_010,
                    // UCVTF (32/64-bit)
                    IntToFpuOp::U32ToF64 => 0b000_11110_01_1_00_011,
                    // SCVTF (64/64-bit)
                    IntToFpuOp::I64ToF64 => 0b100_11110_01_1_00_010,
                    // UCVTF (64/64-bit)
                    IntToFpuOp::U64ToF64 => 0b100_11110_01_1_00_011,
                };
                sink.put4(enc_inttofpu(top16, rd, rn));
            }
            &Inst::FpuCSel16 { rd, rn, rm, cond } => {
                sink.put4(enc_fcsel(rd, rn, rm, cond, ScalarSize::Size16));
            }
            &Inst::FpuCSel32 { rd, rn, rm, cond } => {
                sink.put4(enc_fcsel(rd, rn, rm, cond, ScalarSize::Size32));
            }
            &Inst::FpuCSel64 { rd, rn, rm, cond } => {
                sink.put4(enc_fcsel(rd, rn, rm, cond, ScalarSize::Size64));
            }
            &Inst::FpuRound { op, rd, rn } => {
                let top22 = match op {
                    FpuRoundMode::Minus32 => 0b000_11110_00_1_001_010_10000,
                    FpuRoundMode::Minus64 => 0b000_11110_01_1_001_010_10000,
                    FpuRoundMode::Plus32 => 0b000_11110_00_1_001_001_10000,
                    FpuRoundMode::Plus64 => 0b000_11110_01_1_001_001_10000,
                    FpuRoundMode::Zero32 => 0b000_11110_00_1_001_011_10000,
                    FpuRoundMode::Zero64 => 0b000_11110_01_1_001_011_10000,
                    FpuRoundMode::Nearest32 => 0b000_11110_00_1_001_000_10000,
                    FpuRoundMode::Nearest64 => 0b000_11110_01_1_001_000_10000,
                };
                sink.put4(enc_fround(top22, rd, rn));
            }
            &Inst::MovToFpu { rd, rn, size } => {
                let template = match size {
                    ScalarSize::Size16 => 0b000_11110_11_1_00_111_000000_00000_00000,
                    ScalarSize::Size32 => 0b000_11110_00_1_00_111_000000_00000_00000,
                    ScalarSize::Size64 => 0b100_11110_01_1_00_111_000000_00000_00000,
                    _ => unreachable!(),
                };
                sink.put4(template | (machreg_to_gpr(rn) << 5) | machreg_to_vec(rd.to_reg()));
            }
            &Inst::FpuMoveFPImm { rd, imm, size } => {
                sink.put4(
                    0b000_11110_00_1_00_000_000100_00000_00000
                        | size.ftype() << 22
                        | ((imm.enc_bits() as u32) << 13)
                        | machreg_to_vec(rd.to_reg()),
                );
            }
            &Inst::MovToVec {
                rd,
                ri,
                rn,
                idx,
                size,
            } => {
                debug_assert_eq!(rd.to_reg(), ri);
                let (imm5, shift) = match size.lane_size() {
                    ScalarSize::Size8 => (0b00001, 1),
                    ScalarSize::Size16 => (0b00010, 2),
                    ScalarSize::Size32 => (0b00100, 3),
                    ScalarSize::Size64 => (0b01000, 4),
                    _ => unreachable!(),
                };
                debug_assert_eq!(idx & (0b11111 >> shift), idx);
                let imm5 = imm5 | ((idx as u32) << shift);
                sink.put4(
                    0b010_01110000_00000_0_0011_1_00000_00000
                        | (imm5 << 16)
                        | (machreg_to_gpr(rn) << 5)
                        | machreg_to_vec(rd.to_reg()),
                );
            }
            &Inst::MovFromVec { rd, rn, idx, size } => {
                let (q, imm5, shift, mask) = match size {
                    ScalarSize::Size8 => (0b0, 0b00001, 1, 0b1111),
                    ScalarSize::Size16 => (0b0, 0b00010, 2, 0b0111),
                    ScalarSize::Size32 => (0b0, 0b00100, 3, 0b0011),
                    ScalarSize::Size64 => (0b1, 0b01000, 4, 0b0001),
                    _ => panic!("Unexpected scalar FP operand size: {size:?}"),
                };
                debug_assert_eq!(idx & mask, idx);
                let imm5 = imm5 | ((idx as u32) << shift);
                sink.put4(
                    0b000_01110000_00000_0_0111_1_00000_00000
                        | (q << 30)
                        | (imm5 << 16)
                        | (machreg_to_vec(rn) << 5)
                        | machreg_to_gpr(rd.to_reg()),
                );
            }
            &Inst::MovFromVecSigned {
                rd,
                rn,
                idx,
                size,
                scalar_size,
            } => {
                let (imm5, shift, half) = match size {
                    VectorSize::Size8x8 => (0b00001, 1, true),
                    VectorSize::Size8x16 => (0b00001, 1, false),
                    VectorSize::Size16x4 => (0b00010, 2, true),
                    VectorSize::Size16x8 => (0b00010, 2, false),
                    VectorSize::Size32x2 => {
                        debug_assert_ne!(scalar_size, OperandSize::Size32);
                        (0b00100, 3, true)
                    }
                    VectorSize::Size32x4 => {
                        debug_assert_ne!(scalar_size, OperandSize::Size32);
                        (0b00100, 3, false)
                    }
                    _ => panic!("Unexpected vector operand size"),
                };
                debug_assert_eq!(idx & (0b11111 >> (half as u32 + shift)), idx);
                let imm5 = imm5 | ((idx as u32) << shift);
                sink.put4(
                    0b000_01110000_00000_0_0101_1_00000_00000
                        | (scalar_size.is64() as u32) << 30
                        | (imm5 << 16)
                        | (machreg_to_vec(rn) << 5)
                        | machreg_to_gpr(rd.to_reg()),
                );
            }
            &Inst::VecDup { rd, rn, size } => {
                let q = size.is_128bits() as u32;
                let imm5 = match size.lane_size() {
                    ScalarSize::Size8 => 0b00001,
                    ScalarSize::Size16 => 0b00010,
                    ScalarSize::Size32 => 0b00100,
                    ScalarSize::Size64 => 0b01000,
                    _ => unreachable!(),
                };
                sink.put4(
                    0b0_0_0_01110000_00000_000011_00000_00000
                        | (q << 30)
                        | (imm5 << 16)
                        | (machreg_to_gpr(rn) << 5)
                        | machreg_to_vec(rd.to_reg()),
                );
            }
            &Inst::VecDupFromFpu { rd, rn, size, lane } => {
                let q = size.is_128bits() as u32;
                let imm5 = match size.lane_size() {
                    ScalarSize::Size8 => {
                        assert!(lane < 16);
                        0b00001 | (u32::from(lane) << 1)
                    }
                    ScalarSize::Size16 => {
                        assert!(lane < 8);
                        0b00010 | (u32::from(lane) << 2)
                    }
                    ScalarSize::Size32 => {
                        assert!(lane < 4);
                        0b00100 | (u32::from(lane) << 3)
                    }
                    ScalarSize::Size64 => {
                        assert!(lane < 2);
                        0b01000 | (u32::from(lane) << 4)
                    }
                    _ => unimplemented!(),
                };
                sink.put4(
                    0b000_01110000_00000_000001_00000_00000
                        | (q << 30)
                        | (imm5 << 16)
                        | (machreg_to_vec(rn) << 5)
                        | machreg_to_vec(rd.to_reg()),
                );
            }
            &Inst::VecDupFPImm { rd, imm, size } => {
                let imm = imm.enc_bits();
                let op = match size.lane_size() {
                    ScalarSize::Size32 => 0,
                    ScalarSize::Size64 => 1,
                    _ => unimplemented!(),
                };
                let q_op = op | ((size.is_128bits() as u32) << 1);

                sink.put4(enc_asimd_mod_imm(rd, q_op, 0b1111, imm));
            }
            &Inst::VecDupImm {
                rd,
                imm,
                invert,
                size,
            } => {
                let (imm, shift, shift_ones) = imm.value();
                let (op, cmode) = match size.lane_size() {
                    ScalarSize::Size8 => {
                        assert!(!invert);
                        assert_eq!(shift, 0);

                        (0, 0b1110)
                    }
                    ScalarSize::Size16 => {
                        let s = shift & 8;

                        assert!(!shift_ones);
                        assert_eq!(s, shift);

                        (invert as u32, 0b1000 | (s >> 2))
                    }
                    ScalarSize::Size32 => {
                        if shift_ones {
                            assert!(shift == 8 || shift == 16);

                            (invert as u32, 0b1100 | (shift >> 4))
                        } else {
                            let s = shift & 24;

                            assert_eq!(s, shift);

                            (invert as u32, 0b0000 | (s >> 2))
                        }
                    }
                    ScalarSize::Size64 => {
                        assert!(!invert);
                        assert_eq!(shift, 0);

                        (1, 0b1110)
                    }
                    _ => unreachable!(),
                };
                let q_op = op | ((size.is_128bits() as u32) << 1);

                sink.put4(enc_asimd_mod_imm(rd, q_op, cmode, imm));
            }
            &Inst::VecExtend {
                t,
                rd,
                rn,
                high_half,
                lane_size,
            } => {
                let immh = match lane_size {
                    ScalarSize::Size16 => 0b001,
                    ScalarSize::Size32 => 0b010,
                    ScalarSize::Size64 => 0b100,
                    _ => panic!("Unexpected VecExtend to lane size of {lane_size:?}"),
                };
                let u = match t {
                    VecExtendOp::Sxtl => 0b0,
                    VecExtendOp::Uxtl => 0b1,
                };
                sink.put4(
                    0b000_011110_0000_000_101001_00000_00000
                        | ((high_half as u32) << 30)
                        | (u << 29)
                        | (immh << 19)
                        | (machreg_to_vec(rn) << 5)
                        | machreg_to_vec(rd.to_reg()),
                );
            }
            &Inst::VecRRLong {
                op,
                rd,
                rn,
                high_half,
            } => {
                let (u, size, bits_12_16) = match op {
                    VecRRLongOp::Fcvtl16 => (0b0, 0b00, 0b10111),
                    VecRRLongOp::Fcvtl32 => (0b0, 0b01, 0b10111),
                    VecRRLongOp::Shll8 => (0b1, 0b00, 0b10011),
                    VecRRLongOp::Shll16 => (0b1, 0b01, 0b10011),
                    VecRRLongOp::Shll32 => (0b1, 0b10, 0b10011),
                };

                sink.put4(enc_vec_rr_misc(
                    ((high_half as u32) << 1) | u,
                    size,
                    bits_12_16,
                    rd,
                    rn,
                ));
            }
            &Inst::VecRRNarrowLow {
                op,
                rd,
                rn,
                lane_size,
            }
            | &Inst::VecRRNarrowHigh {
                op,
                rd,
                rn,
                lane_size,
                ..
            } => {
                let high_half = match self {
                    &Inst::VecRRNarrowLow { .. } => false,
                    &Inst::VecRRNarrowHigh { .. } => true,
                    _ => unreachable!(),
                };

                let size = match lane_size {
                    ScalarSize::Size8 => 0b00,
                    ScalarSize::Size16 => 0b01,
                    ScalarSize::Size32 => 0b10,
                    _ => panic!("unsupported size: {lane_size:?}"),
                };

                // Floats use a single bit, to encode either half or single.
                let size = match op {
                    VecRRNarrowOp::Fcvtn => size >> 1,
                    _ => size,
                };

                let (u, bits_12_16) = match op {
                    VecRRNarrowOp::Xtn => (0b0, 0b10010),
                    VecRRNarrowOp::Sqxtn => (0b0, 0b10100),
                    VecRRNarrowOp::Sqxtun => (0b1, 0b10010),
                    VecRRNarrowOp::Uqxtn => (0b1, 0b10100),
                    VecRRNarrowOp::Fcvtn => (0b0, 0b10110),
                };

                sink.put4(enc_vec_rr_misc(
                    ((high_half as u32) << 1) | u,
                    size,
                    bits_12_16,
                    rd,
                    rn,
                ));
            }
            &Inst::VecMovElement {
                rd,
                ri,
                rn,
                dest_idx,
                src_idx,
                size,
            } => {
                debug_assert_eq!(rd.to_reg(), ri);
                let (imm5, shift) = match size.lane_size() {
                    ScalarSize::Size8 => (0b00001, 1),
                    ScalarSize::Size16 => (0b00010, 2),
                    ScalarSize::Size32 => (0b00100, 3),
                    ScalarSize::Size64 => (0b01000, 4),
                    _ => unreachable!(),
                };
                let mask = 0b11111 >> shift;
                debug_assert_eq!(dest_idx & mask, dest_idx);
                debug_assert_eq!(src_idx & mask, src_idx);
                let imm4 = (src_idx as u32) << (shift - 1);
                let imm5 = imm5 | ((dest_idx as u32) << shift);
                sink.put4(
                    0b011_01110000_00000_0_0000_1_00000_00000
                        | (imm5 << 16)
                        | (imm4 << 11)
                        | (machreg_to_vec(rn) << 5)
                        | machreg_to_vec(rd.to_reg()),
                );
            }
            &Inst::VecRRPair { op, rd, rn } => {
                let bits_12_16 = match op {
                    VecPairOp::Addp => 0b11011,
                };

                sink.put4(enc_vec_rr_pair(bits_12_16, rd, rn));
            }
            &Inst::VecRRRLong {
                rd,
                rn,
                rm,
                alu_op,
                high_half,
            } => {
                let (u, size, bit14) = match alu_op {
                    VecRRRLongOp::Smull8 => (0b0, 0b00, 0b1),
                    VecRRRLongOp::Smull16 => (0b0, 0b01, 0b1),
                    VecRRRLongOp::Smull32 => (0b0, 0b10, 0b1),
                    VecRRRLongOp::Umull8 => (0b1, 0b00, 0b1),
                    VecRRRLongOp::Umull16 => (0b1, 0b01, 0b1),
                    VecRRRLongOp::Umull32 => (0b1, 0b10, 0b1),
                };
                sink.put4(enc_vec_rrr_long(
                    high_half as u32,
                    u,
                    size,
                    bit14,
                    rm,
                    rn,
                    rd,
                ));
            }
            &Inst::VecRRRLongMod {
                rd,
                ri,
                rn,
                rm,
                alu_op,
                high_half,
            } => {
                debug_assert_eq!(rd.to_reg(), ri);
                let (u, size, bit14) = match alu_op {
                    VecRRRLongModOp::Umlal8 => (0b1, 0b00, 0b0),
                    VecRRRLongModOp::Umlal16 => (0b1, 0b01, 0b0),
                    VecRRRLongModOp::Umlal32 => (0b1, 0b10, 0b0),
                };
                sink.put4(enc_vec_rrr_long(
                    high_half as u32,
                    u,
                    size,
                    bit14,
                    rm,
                    rn,
                    rd,
                ));
            }
            &Inst::VecRRPairLong { op, rd, rn } => {
                let (u, size) = match op {
                    VecRRPairLongOp::Saddlp8 => (0b0, 0b0),
                    VecRRPairLongOp::Uaddlp8 => (0b1, 0b0),
                    VecRRPairLongOp::Saddlp16 => (0b0, 0b1),
                    VecRRPairLongOp::Uaddlp16 => (0b1, 0b1),
                };

                sink.put4(enc_vec_rr_pair_long(u, size, rd, rn));
            }
            &Inst::VecRRR {
                rd,
                rn,
                rm,
                alu_op,
                size,
            } => {
                let (q, enc_size) = size.enc_size();
                let is_float = match alu_op {
                    VecALUOp::Fcmeq
                    | VecALUOp::Fcmgt
                    | VecALUOp::Fcmge
                    | VecALUOp::Fadd
                    | VecALUOp::Fsub
                    | VecALUOp::Fdiv
                    | VecALUOp::Fmax
                    | VecALUOp::Fmin
                    | VecALUOp::Fmul => true,
                    _ => false,
                };

                let (top11, bit15_10) = match alu_op {
                    VecALUOp::Sqadd => (0b000_01110_00_1 | enc_size << 1, 0b000011),
                    VecALUOp::Sqsub => (0b000_01110_00_1 | enc_size << 1, 0b001011),
                    VecALUOp::Uqadd => (0b001_01110_00_1 | enc_size << 1, 0b000011),
                    VecALUOp::Uqsub => (0b001_01110_00_1 | enc_size << 1, 0b001011),
                    VecALUOp::Cmeq => (0b001_01110_00_1 | enc_size << 1, 0b100011),
                    VecALUOp::Cmge => (0b000_01110_00_1 | enc_size << 1, 0b001111),
                    VecALUOp::Cmgt => (0b000_01110_00_1 | enc_size << 1, 0b001101),
                    VecALUOp::Cmhi => (0b001_01110_00_1 | enc_size << 1, 0b001101),
                    VecALUOp::Cmhs => (0b001_01110_00_1 | enc_size << 1, 0b001111),
                    VecALUOp::Fcmeq => (0b000_01110_00_1, 0b111001),
                    VecALUOp::Fcmgt => (0b001_01110_10_1, 0b111001),
                    VecALUOp::Fcmge => (0b001_01110_00_1, 0b111001),
                    // The following logical instructions operate on bytes, so are not encoded differently
                    // for the different vector types.
                    VecALUOp::And => (0b000_01110_00_1, 0b000111),
                    VecALUOp::Bic => (0b000_01110_01_1, 0b000111),
                    VecALUOp::Orr => (0b000_01110_10_1, 0b000111),
                    VecALUOp::Orn => (0b000_01110_11_1, 0b000111),
                    VecALUOp::Eor => (0b001_01110_00_1, 0b000111),
                    VecALUOp::Umaxp => {
                        debug_assert_ne!(size, VectorSize::Size64x2);

                        (0b001_01110_00_1 | enc_size << 1, 0b101001)
                    }
                    VecALUOp::Add => (0b000_01110_00_1 | enc_size << 1, 0b100001),
                    VecALUOp::Sub => (0b001_01110_00_1 | enc_size << 1, 0b100001),
                    VecALUOp::Mul => {
                        debug_assert_ne!(size, VectorSize::Size64x2);
                        (0b000_01110_00_1 | enc_size << 1, 0b100111)
                    }
                    VecALUOp::Sshl => (0b000_01110_00_1 | enc_size << 1, 0b010001),
                    VecALUOp::Ushl => (0b001_01110_00_1 | enc_size << 1, 0b010001),
                    VecALUOp::Umin => {
                        debug_assert_ne!(size, VectorSize::Size64x2);

                        (0b001_01110_00_1 | enc_size << 1, 0b011011)
                    }
                    VecALUOp::Smin => {
                        debug_assert_ne!(size, VectorSize::Size64x2);

                        (0b000_01110_00_1 | enc_size << 1, 0b011011)
                    }
                    VecALUOp::Umax => {
                        debug_assert_ne!(size, VectorSize::Size64x2);

                        (0b001_01110_00_1 | enc_size << 1, 0b011001)
                    }
                    VecALUOp::Smax => {
                        debug_assert_ne!(size, VectorSize::Size64x2);

                        (0b000_01110_00_1 | enc_size << 1, 0b011001)
                    }
                    VecALUOp::Urhadd => {
                        debug_assert_ne!(size, VectorSize::Size64x2);

                        (0b001_01110_00_1 | enc_size << 1, 0b000101)
                    }
                    VecALUOp::Fadd => (0b000_01110_00_1, 0b110101),
                    VecALUOp::Fsub => (0b000_01110_10_1, 0b110101),
                    VecALUOp::Fdiv => (0b001_01110_00_1, 0b111111),
                    VecALUOp::Fmax => (0b000_01110_00_1, 0b111101),
                    VecALUOp::Fmin => (0b000_01110_10_1, 0b111101),
                    VecALUOp::Fmul => (0b001_01110_00_1, 0b110111),
                    VecALUOp::Addp => (0b000_01110_00_1 | enc_size << 1, 0b101111),
                    VecALUOp::Zip1 => (0b01001110_00_0 | enc_size << 1, 0b001110),
                    VecALUOp::Zip2 => (0b01001110_00_0 | enc_size << 1, 0b011110),
                    VecALUOp::Sqrdmulh => {
                        debug_assert!(
                            size.lane_size() == ScalarSize::Size16
                                || size.lane_size() == ScalarSize::Size32
                        );

                        (0b001_01110_00_1 | enc_size << 1, 0b101101)
                    }
                    VecALUOp::Uzp1 => (0b01001110_00_0 | enc_size << 1, 0b000110),
                    VecALUOp::Uzp2 => (0b01001110_00_0 | enc_size << 1, 0b010110),
                    VecALUOp::Trn1 => (0b01001110_00_0 | enc_size << 1, 0b001010),
                    VecALUOp::Trn2 => (0b01001110_00_0 | enc_size << 1, 0b011010),
                };
                let top11 = if is_float {
                    top11 | size.enc_float_size() << 1
                } else {
                    top11
                };
                sink.put4(enc_vec_rrr(top11 | q << 9, rm, bit15_10, rn, rd));
            }
            &Inst::VecRRRMod {
                rd,
                ri,
                rn,
                rm,
                alu_op,
                size,
            } => {
                debug_assert_eq!(rd.to_reg(), ri);
                let (q, _enc_size) = size.enc_size();

                let (top11, bit15_10) = match alu_op {
                    VecALUModOp::Bsl => (0b001_01110_01_1, 0b000111),
                    VecALUModOp::Fmla => {
                        (0b000_01110_00_1 | (size.enc_float_size() << 1), 0b110011)
                    }
                    VecALUModOp::Fmls => {
                        (0b000_01110_10_1 | (size.enc_float_size() << 1), 0b110011)
                    }
                    // SDOT Vd.4S, Vn.16B, Vm.16B (FEAT_DotProd). The size/element
                    // field (bits 23:22 = 0b10) is part of the dot-product opcode,
                    // so it is baked into top11; only Q (from `size`) is variable.
                    // top11 (Q=0) | q<<9 with bit15_10 yields 0x4E809400 for .4S/.16B.
                    VecALUModOp::Sdot => (0b000_01110_10_0, 0b100101),
                    // USDOT Vd.4S, Vn.16B, Vm.16B (FEAT_I8MM). Same shape as
                    // SDOT; only the opcode field differs.
                    VecALUModOp::Usdot => (0b000_01110_10_0, 0b100111),
                };
                sink.put4(enc_vec_rrr(top11 | q << 9, rm, bit15_10, rn, rd));
            }
            &Inst::VecFmlaElem {
                rd,
                ri,
                rn,
                rm,
                alu_op,
                size,
                idx,
            } => {
                debug_assert_eq!(rd.to_reg(), ri);
                let idx = u32::from(idx);

                let (q, _size) = size.enc_size();
                let o2 = match alu_op {
                    VecALUModOp::Fmla => 0b0,
                    VecALUModOp::Fmls => 0b1,
                    _ => unreachable!(),
                };

                let (h, l) = match size {
                    VectorSize::Size32x4 => {
                        assert!(idx < 4);
                        (idx >> 1, idx & 1)
                    }
                    VectorSize::Size64x2 => {
                        assert!(idx < 2);
                        (idx, 0)
                    }
                    _ => unreachable!(),
                };

                let top11 = 0b000_011111_00 | (q << 9) | (size.enc_float_size() << 1) | l;
                let bit15_10 = 0b000100 | (o2 << 4) | (h << 1);
                sink.put4(enc_vec_rrr(top11, rm, bit15_10, rn, rd));
            }
            &Inst::VecLoadReplicate {
                rd,
                rn,
                size,
                flags,
            } => {
                let (q, size) = size.enc_size();

                if let Some(trap_code) = flags.trap_code() {
                    // Register the offset at which the actual load instruction starts.
                    sink.add_trap(trap_code);
                }

                sink.put4(enc_ldst_vec(q, size, rn, rd));
            }
            &Inst::VecCSel { rd, rn, rm, cond } => {
                /* Emit this:
                      b.cond  else
                      mov     rd, rm
                      b       out
                     else:
                      mov     rd, rn
                     out:

                   Note, we could do better in the cases where rd == rn or rd == rm.
                */
                let else_label = sink.get_label();
                let out_label = sink.get_label();

                // b.cond else
                let br_else_offset = sink.cur_offset();
                sink.put4(enc_conditional_br(
                    BranchTarget::Label(else_label),
                    CondBrKind::Cond(cond),
                ));
                sink.use_label_at_offset(br_else_offset, else_label, LabelUse::Branch19);

                // mov rd, rm
                sink.put4(enc_vecmov(/* 16b = */ true, rd, rm));

                // b out
                let b_out_offset = sink.cur_offset();
                sink.use_label_at_offset(b_out_offset, out_label, LabelUse::Branch26);
                sink.add_uncond_branch(b_out_offset, b_out_offset + 4, out_label);
                sink.put4(enc_jump26(0b000101, 0 /* will be fixed up later */));

                // else:
                sink.bind_label(else_label, &mut state.ctrl_plane);

                // mov rd, rn
                sink.put4(enc_vecmov(/* 16b = */ true, rd, rn));

                // out:
                sink.bind_label(out_label, &mut state.ctrl_plane);
            }
            &Inst::MovToNZCV { rn } => {
                sink.put4(0xd51b4200 | machreg_to_gpr(rn));
            }
            &Inst::MovFromNZCV { rd } => {
                sink.put4(0xd53b4200 | machreg_to_gpr(rd.to_reg()));
            }
            &Inst::Extend {
                rd,
                rn,
                signed: false,
                from_bits: 1,
                to_bits,
            } => {
                assert!(to_bits <= 64);
                // Reduce zero-extend-from-1-bit to:
                // - and rd, rn, #1
                // Note: This is special cased as UBFX may take more cycles
                // than AND on smaller cores.
                let imml = ImmLogic::maybe_from_u64(1, I32).unwrap();
                Inst::AluRRImmLogic {
                    alu_op: ALUOp::And,
                    size: OperandSize::Size32,
                    rd,
                    rn,
                    imml,
                }
                .emit(sink, emit_info, state);
            }
            &Inst::Extend {
                rd,
                rn,
                signed: false,
                from_bits: 32,
                to_bits: 64,
            } => {
                let mov = Inst::Mov {
                    size: OperandSize::Size32,
                    rd,
                    rm: rn,
                };
                mov.emit(sink, emit_info, state);
            }
            &Inst::Extend {
                rd,
                rn,
                signed,
                from_bits,
                to_bits,
            } => {
                let (bfm_op, size) = if signed {
                    (BfmOp::SBfm, OperandSize::from_bits(to_bits))
                } else {
                    (BfmOp::UBfm, OperandSize::Size32)
                };
                let opc = bfm_op.opc();
                sink.put4(enc_bfm(opc, size, rd, rn, 0, from_bits - 1));
            }
            &Inst::BitfieldMove {
                size,
                bfm_op,
                rd,
                rn,
                immr,
                imms,
            } => {
                let opc = bfm_op.opc();
                sink.put4(enc_bfm(opc, size, rd, rn, immr.value(), imms.value()));
            }
            &Inst::BitfieldMoveMod {
                size,
                rd,
                ri,
                rn,
                immr,
                imms,
            } => {
                debug_assert_eq!(rd.to_reg(), ri);
                sink.put4(enc_bfm(0b01, size, rd, rn, immr.value(), imms.value()));
            }
            &Inst::Jump { ref dest } => {
                let off = sink.cur_offset();
                // Indicate that the jump uses a label, if so, so that a fixup can occur later.
                if let Some(l) = dest.as_label() {
                    sink.use_label_at_offset(off, l, LabelUse::Branch26);
                    sink.add_uncond_branch(off, off + 4, l);
                }
                // Emit the jump itself.
                sink.put4(enc_jump26(0b000101, dest.as_offset26_or_zero()));
            }
            &Inst::Args { .. } | &Inst::Rets { .. } => {
                // Nothing: this is a pseudoinstruction that serves
                // only to constrain registers at a certain point.
            }
            &Inst::Ret {} => {
                sink.put4(0xd65f03c0);
            }
            &Inst::AuthenticatedRet { key, is_hint } => {
                let (op2, is_hint) = match key {
                    APIKey::AZ => (0b100, true),
                    APIKey::ASP => (0b101, is_hint),
                    APIKey::BZ => (0b110, true),
                    APIKey::BSP => (0b111, is_hint),
                };

                if is_hint {
                    sink.put4(key.enc_auti_hint());
                    Inst::Ret {}.emit(sink, emit_info, state);
                } else {
                    sink.put4(0xd65f0bff | (op2 << 9)); // reta{key}
                }
            }
            &Inst::Call { ref info } => {
                let start = sink.cur_offset();
                let user_stack_map = state.take_stack_map();
                sink.add_reloc(Reloc::Arm64Call, &info.dest, 0);
                sink.put4(enc_jump26(0b100101, 0));
                if let Some(s) = user_stack_map {
                    let offset = sink.cur_offset();
                    sink.push_user_stack_map(state, offset, s);
                }

                if let Some(try_call) = info.try_call_info.as_ref() {
                    sink.add_try_call_site(
                        Some(state.frame_layout.sp_to_fp()),
                        try_call.exception_handlers(&state.frame_layout),
                    );
                } else {
                    sink.add_call_site();
                }

                if info.callee_pop_size > 0 {
                    let callee_pop_size =
                        i32::try_from(info.callee_pop_size).expect("callee popped more than 2GB");
                    for inst in AArch64MachineDeps::gen_sp_reg_adjust(-callee_pop_size) {
                        inst.emit(sink, emit_info, state);
                    }
                }

                if info.patchable {
                    sink.add_patchable_call_site(sink.cur_offset() - start);
                } else {
                    // Load any stack-carried return values.
                    info.emit_retval_loads::<AArch64MachineDeps, _, _>(
                        state.frame_layout().stackslots_size,
                        |inst| inst.emit(sink, emit_info, state),
                        |needed_space| Some(Inst::EmitIsland { needed_space }),
                    );
                }

                // If this is a try-call, jump to the continuation
                // (normal-return) block.
                if let Some(try_call) = info.try_call_info.as_ref() {
                    let jmp = Inst::Jump {
                        dest: BranchTarget::Label(try_call.continuation),
                    };
                    jmp.emit(sink, emit_info, state);
                }

                // We produce an island above if needed, so disable
                // the worst-case-size check in this case.
                start_off = sink.cur_offset();
            }
            &Inst::CallInd { ref info } => {
                let user_stack_map = state.take_stack_map();
                sink.put4(
                    0b1101011_0001_11111_000000_00000_00000 | (machreg_to_gpr(info.dest) << 5),
                );
                if let Some(s) = user_stack_map {
                    let offset = sink.cur_offset();
                    sink.push_user_stack_map(state, offset, s);
                }

                if let Some(try_call) = info.try_call_info.as_ref() {
                    sink.add_try_call_site(
                        Some(state.frame_layout.sp_to_fp()),
                        try_call.exception_handlers(&state.frame_layout),
                    );
                } else {
                    sink.add_call_site();
                }

                if info.callee_pop_size > 0 {
                    let callee_pop_size =
                        i32::try_from(info.callee_pop_size).expect("callee popped more than 2GB");
                    for inst in AArch64MachineDeps::gen_sp_reg_adjust(-callee_pop_size) {
                        inst.emit(sink, emit_info, state);
                    }
                }

                // Load any stack-carried return values.
                info.emit_retval_loads::<AArch64MachineDeps, _, _>(
                    state.frame_layout().stackslots_size,
                    |inst| inst.emit(sink, emit_info, state),
                    |needed_space| Some(Inst::EmitIsland { needed_space }),
                );

                // If this is a try-call, jump to the continuation
                // (normal-return) block.
                if let Some(try_call) = info.try_call_info.as_ref() {
                    let jmp = Inst::Jump {
                        dest: BranchTarget::Label(try_call.continuation),
                    };
                    jmp.emit(sink, emit_info, state);
                }

                // We produce an island above if needed, so disable
                // the worst-case-size check in this case.
                start_off = sink.cur_offset();
            }
            &Inst::ReturnCall { ref info } => {
                emit_return_call_common_sequence(sink, emit_info, state, info);

                // Note: this is not `Inst::Jump { .. }.emit(..)` because we
                // have different metadata in this case: we don't have a label
                // for the target, but rather a function relocation.
                sink.add_reloc(Reloc::Arm64Call, &info.dest, 0);
                sink.put4(enc_jump26(0b000101, 0));
                sink.add_call_site();

                // `emit_return_call_common_sequence` emits an island if
                // necessary, so we can safely disable the worst-case-size check
                // in this case.
                start_off = sink.cur_offset();
            }
            &Inst::ReturnCallInd { ref info } => {
                emit_return_call_common_sequence(sink, emit_info, state, info);

                Inst::IndirectBr {
                    rn: info.dest,
                    targets: vec![],
                }
                .emit(sink, emit_info, state);
                sink.add_call_site();

                // `emit_return_call_common_sequence` emits an island if
                // necessary, so we can safely disable the worst-case-size check
                // in this case.
                start_off = sink.cur_offset();
            }
            &Inst::CondBr {
                taken,
                not_taken,
                kind,
            } => {
                // Conditional part first.
                let cond_off = sink.cur_offset();
                if let Some(l) = taken.as_label() {
                    sink.use_label_at_offset(cond_off, l, LabelUse::Branch19);
                    let inverted = enc_conditional_br(taken, kind.invert()).to_le_bytes();
                    sink.add_cond_branch(cond_off, cond_off + 4, l, &inverted[..]);
                }
                sink.put4(enc_conditional_br(taken, kind));

                // Unconditional part next.
                let uncond_off = sink.cur_offset();
                if let Some(l) = not_taken.as_label() {
                    sink.use_label_at_offset(uncond_off, l, LabelUse::Branch26);
                    sink.add_uncond_branch(uncond_off, uncond_off + 4, l);
                }
                sink.put4(enc_jump26(0b000101, not_taken.as_offset26_or_zero()));
            }
            &Inst::TestBitAndBranch {
                taken,
                not_taken,
                kind,
                rn,
                bit,
            } => {
                // Emit the conditional branch first
                let cond_off = sink.cur_offset();
                if let Some(l) = taken.as_label() {
                    sink.use_label_at_offset(cond_off, l, LabelUse::Branch14);
                    let inverted =
                        enc_test_bit_and_branch(kind.complement(), taken, rn, bit).to_le_bytes();
                    sink.add_cond_branch(cond_off, cond_off + 4, l, &inverted[..]);
                }
                sink.put4(enc_test_bit_and_branch(kind, taken, rn, bit));

                // Unconditional part next.
                let uncond_off = sink.cur_offset();
                if let Some(l) = not_taken.as_label() {
                    sink.use_label_at_offset(uncond_off, l, LabelUse::Branch26);
                    sink.add_uncond_branch(uncond_off, uncond_off + 4, l);
                }
                sink.put4(enc_jump26(0b000101, not_taken.as_offset26_or_zero()));
            }
            &Inst::TrapIf { kind, trap_code } => {
                let label = sink.defer_trap(trap_code);
                // condbr KIND, LABEL
                let off = sink.cur_offset();
                sink.put4(enc_conditional_br(BranchTarget::Label(label), kind));
                sink.use_label_at_offset(off, label, LabelUse::Branch19);
            }
            &Inst::IndirectBr { rn, .. } => {
                sink.put4(enc_br(rn));
            }
            &Inst::Nop0 => {}
            &Inst::Nop4 => {
                sink.put4(0xd503201f);
            }
            &Inst::Brk => {
                sink.put4(0xd43e0000);
            }
            &Inst::Udf { trap_code } => {
                sink.add_trap(trap_code);
                sink.put_data(Inst::TRAP_OPCODE);
            }
            &Inst::Adr { rd, off } => {
                assert!(off > -(1 << 20));
                assert!(off < (1 << 20));
                sink.put4(enc_adr(off, rd));
            }
            &Inst::Adrp { rd, off } => {
                assert!(off > -(1 << 20));
                assert!(off < (1 << 20));
                sink.put4(enc_adrp(off, rd));
            }
            &Inst::Word4 { data } => {
                sink.put4(data);
            }
            &Inst::Word8 { data } => {
                sink.put8(data);
            }
            &Inst::JTSequence {
                ridx,
                rtmp1,
                rtmp2,
                default,
                ref targets,
                ..
            } => {
                // This sequence is *one* instruction in the vcode, and is expanded only here at
                // emission time, because we cannot allow the regalloc to insert spills/reloads in
                // the middle; we depend on hardcoded PC-rel addressing below.

                // Branch to default when condition code from prior comparison indicates.
                let br =
                    enc_conditional_br(BranchTarget::Label(default), CondBrKind::Cond(Cond::Hs));

                // No need to inform the sink's branch folding logic about this branch, because it
                // will not be merged with any other branch, flipped, or elided (it is not preceded
                // or succeeded by any other branch). Just emit it with the label use.
                let default_br_offset = sink.cur_offset();
                sink.use_label_at_offset(default_br_offset, default, LabelUse::Branch19);
                sink.put4(br);

                // Overwrite the index with a zero when the above
                // branch misspeculates (Spectre mitigation). Save the
                // resulting index in rtmp2.
                let inst = Inst::CSel {
                    rd: rtmp2,
                    cond: Cond::Hs,
                    rn: zero_reg(),
                    rm: ridx,
                };
                inst.emit(sink, emit_info, state);
                // Prevent any data value speculation if spectre mitigations are
                // enabled.
                if emit_info.flags.enable_table_access_spectre_mitigation()
                    && emit_info.isa_flags.use_csdb()
                {
                    Inst::Csdb.emit(sink, emit_info, state);
                }

                // Load address of jump table
                let inst = Inst::Adr { rd: rtmp1, off: 16 };
                inst.emit(sink, emit_info, state);
                // Load value out of jump table
                let inst = Inst::SLoad32 {
                    rd: rtmp2,
                    mem: AMode::reg_plus_reg_scaled_extended(
                        rtmp1.to_reg(),
                        rtmp2.to_reg(),
                        ExtendOp::UXTW,
                    ),
                    flags: MemFlagsData::trusted(),
                };
                inst.emit(sink, emit_info, state);
                // Add base of jump table to jump-table-sourced block offset
                let inst = Inst::AluRRR {
                    alu_op: ALUOp::Add,
                    size: OperandSize::Size64,
                    rd: rtmp1,
                    rn: rtmp1.to_reg(),
                    rm: rtmp2.to_reg(),
                };
                inst.emit(sink, emit_info, state);
                // Branch to computed address. (`targets` here is only used for successor queries
                // and is not needed for emission.)
                let inst = Inst::IndirectBr {
                    rn: rtmp1.to_reg(),
                    targets: vec![],
                };
                inst.emit(sink, emit_info, state);
                // Emit jump table (table of 32-bit offsets).
                let jt_off = sink.cur_offset();
                for &target in targets.iter() {
                    let word_off = sink.cur_offset();
                    // off_into_table is an addend here embedded in the label to be later patched
                    // at the end of codegen. The offset is initially relative to this jump table
                    // entry; with the extra addend, it'll be relative to the jump table's start,
                    // after patching.
                    let off_into_table = word_off - jt_off;
                    sink.use_label_at_offset(word_off, target, LabelUse::PCRel32);
                    sink.put4(off_into_table);
                }

                // Lowering produces an EmitIsland before using a JTSequence, so we can safely
                // disable the worst-case-size check in this case.
                start_off = sink.cur_offset();
            }
            &Inst::LoadExtNameGot { rd, ref name } => {
                // See this CE Example for the variations of this with and without BTI & PAUTH
                // https://godbolt.org/z/ncqjbbvvn
                //
                // Emit the following code:
                //   adrp    rd, :got:X
                //   ldr     rd, [rd, :got_lo12:X]

                // adrp rd, symbol
                sink.add_reloc(Reloc::Aarch64AdrGotPage21, &**name, 0);
                let inst = Inst::Adrp { rd, off: 0 };
                inst.emit(sink, emit_info, state);

                // ldr rd, [rd, :got_lo12:X]
                sink.add_reloc(Reloc::Aarch64Ld64GotLo12Nc, &**name, 0);
                let inst = Inst::ULoad64 {
                    rd,
                    mem: AMode::reg(rd.to_reg()),
                    flags: MemFlagsData::trusted(),
                };
                inst.emit(sink, emit_info, state);
            }
            &Inst::LoadExtNameNear {
                rd,
                ref name,
                offset,
            } => {
                // Emit the following code:
                //   adrp    rd, X
                //   add     rd, rd, :lo12:X
                //
                // See https://godbolt.org/z/855KEvM5r for an example.

                // adrp rd, symbol
                sink.add_reloc(Reloc::Aarch64AdrPrelPgHi21, &**name, offset);
                let inst = Inst::Adrp { rd, off: 0 };
                inst.emit(sink, emit_info, state);

                // add rd, rd, :lo12:X
                sink.add_reloc(Reloc::Aarch64AddAbsLo12Nc, &**name, offset);
                let inst = Inst::AluRRImm12 {
                    alu_op: ALUOp::Add,
                    size: OperandSize::Size64,
                    rd,
                    rn: rd.to_reg(),
                    imm12: Imm12::ZERO,
                };
                inst.emit(sink, emit_info, state);
            }
            &Inst::LoadExtNameFar {
                rd,
                ref name,
                offset,
            } => {
                // With absolute offsets we set up a load from a preallocated space, and then jump
                // over it.
                //
                // Emit the following code:
                //   ldr     rd, #8
                //   b       #0x10
                //   <8 byte space>

                let inst = Inst::ULoad64 {
                    rd,
                    mem: AMode::Label {
                        label: MemLabel::PCRel(8),
                    },
                    flags: MemFlagsData::trusted(),
                };
                inst.emit(sink, emit_info, state);
                let inst = Inst::Jump {
                    dest: BranchTarget::ResolvedOffset(12),
                };
                inst.emit(sink, emit_info, state);
                sink.add_reloc(Reloc::Abs8, &**name, offset);
                sink.put8(0);
            }
            &Inst::LoadAddr { rd, ref mem } => {
                let mem = mem.clone();
                let (mem_insts, mem) = mem_finalize(Some(sink), &mem, I8, state);
                for inst in mem_insts.into_iter() {
                    inst.emit(sink, emit_info, state);
                }

                let (reg, index_reg, offset) = match mem {
                    AMode::RegExtended { rn, rm, extendop } => {
                        let r = rn;
                        (r, Some((rm, extendop)), 0)
                    }
                    AMode::Unscaled { rn, simm9 } => {
                        let r = rn;
                        (r, None, simm9.value())
                    }
                    AMode::UnsignedOffset { rn, uimm12 } => {
                        let r = rn;
                        (r, None, uimm12.value() as i32)
                    }
                    _ => panic!("Unsupported case for LoadAddr: {mem:?}"),
                };
                let abs_offset = if offset < 0 {
                    -offset as u64
                } else {
                    offset as u64
                };
                let alu_op = if offset < 0 { ALUOp::Sub } else { ALUOp::Add };

                if let Some((idx, extendop)) = index_reg {
                    let add = Inst::AluRRRExtend {
                        alu_op: ALUOp::Add,
                        size: OperandSize::Size64,
                        rd,
                        rn: reg,
                        rm: idx,
                        extendop,
                    };

                    add.emit(sink, emit_info, state);
                } else if offset == 0 {
                    if reg != rd.to_reg() {
                        let mov = Inst::Mov {
                            size: OperandSize::Size64,
                            rd,
                            rm: reg,
                        };

                        mov.emit(sink, emit_info, state);
                    }
                } else if let Some(imm12) = Imm12::maybe_from_u64(abs_offset) {
                    let add = Inst::AluRRImm12 {
                        alu_op,
                        size: OperandSize::Size64,
                        rd,
                        rn: reg,
                        imm12,
                    };
                    add.emit(sink, emit_info, state);
                } else {
                    // Use `tmp2` here: `reg` may be `spilltmp` if the `AMode` on this instruction
                    // was initially an `SPOffset`. Assert that `tmp2` is truly free to use. Note
                    // that no other instructions will be inserted here (we're emitting directly),
                    // and a live range of `tmp2` should not span this instruction, so this use
                    // should otherwise be correct.
                    debug_assert!(rd.to_reg() != tmp2_reg());
                    debug_assert!(reg != tmp2_reg());
                    let tmp = writable_tmp2_reg();
                    for insn in Inst::load_constant(tmp, abs_offset).into_iter() {
                        insn.emit(sink, emit_info, state);
                    }
                    let add = Inst::AluRRR {
                        alu_op,
                        size: OperandSize::Size64,
                        rd,
                        rn: reg,
                        rm: tmp.to_reg(),
                    };
                    add.emit(sink, emit_info, state);
                }
            }
            &Inst::Paci { key } => {
                let (crm, op2) = match key {
                    APIKey::AZ => (0b0011, 0b000),
                    APIKey::ASP => (0b0011, 0b001),
                    APIKey::BZ => (0b0011, 0b010),
                    APIKey::BSP => (0b0011, 0b011),
                };

                sink.put4(0xd503211f | (crm << 8) | (op2 << 5));
            }
            &Inst::Xpaclri => sink.put4(0xd50320ff),
            &Inst::Bti { targets } => {
                let targets = match targets {
                    BranchTargetType::None => 0b00,
                    BranchTargetType::C => 0b01,
                    BranchTargetType::J => 0b10,
                    BranchTargetType::JC => 0b11,
                };

                sink.put4(0xd503241f | targets << 6);
            }
            &Inst::EmitIsland { needed_space } => {
                if sink.island_needed(needed_space + 4) {
                    let jump_around_label = sink.get_label();
                    let jmp = Inst::Jump {
                        dest: BranchTarget::Label(jump_around_label),
                    };
                    jmp.emit(sink, emit_info, state);
                    sink.emit_island(needed_space + 4, &mut state.ctrl_plane);
                    sink.bind_label(jump_around_label, &mut state.ctrl_plane);
                }
            }

            &Inst::ElfTlsGetAddr {
                ref symbol,
                rd,
                tmp,
            } => {
                assert_eq!(xreg(0), rd.to_reg());

                // See the original proposal for TLSDESC.
                // http://www.fsfla.org/~lxoliva/writeups/TLS/paper-lk2006.pdf
                //
                // Implement the TLSDESC instruction sequence:
                //   adrp x0, :tlsdesc:tlsvar
                //   ldr  tmp, [x0, :tlsdesc_lo12:tlsvar]
                //   add  x0, x0, :tlsdesc_lo12:tlsvar
                //   blr  tmp
                //   mrs  tmp, tpidr_el0
                //   add  x0, x0, tmp
                //
                // This is the instruction sequence that GCC emits for ELF GD TLS Relocations in aarch64
                // See: https://gcc.godbolt.org/z/e4j7MdErh

                // adrp x0, :tlsdesc:tlsvar
                sink.add_reloc(Reloc::Aarch64TlsDescAdrPage21, &**symbol, 0);
                Inst::Adrp { rd, off: 0 }.emit(sink, emit_info, state);

                // ldr  tmp, [x0, :tlsdesc_lo12:tlsvar]
                sink.add_reloc(Reloc::Aarch64TlsDescLd64Lo12, &**symbol, 0);
                Inst::ULoad64 {
                    rd: tmp,
                    mem: AMode::reg(rd.to_reg()),
                    flags: MemFlagsData::trusted(),
                }
                .emit(sink, emit_info, state);

                // add x0, x0, :tlsdesc_lo12:tlsvar
                sink.add_reloc(Reloc::Aarch64TlsDescAddLo12, &**symbol, 0);
                Inst::AluRRImm12 {
                    alu_op: ALUOp::Add,
                    size: OperandSize::Size64,
                    rd,
                    rn: rd.to_reg(),
                    imm12: Imm12::maybe_from_u64(0).unwrap(),
                }
                .emit(sink, emit_info, state);

                // blr tmp
                sink.add_reloc(Reloc::Aarch64TlsDescCall, &**symbol, 0);
                Inst::CallInd {
                    info: crate::isa::Box::new(CallInfo::empty(tmp.to_reg(), CallConv::SystemV)),
                }
                .emit(sink, emit_info, state);

                // mrs tmp, tpidr_el0
                sink.put4(0xd53bd040 | machreg_to_gpr(tmp.to_reg()));

                // add x0, x0, tmp
                Inst::AluRRR {
                    alu_op: ALUOp::Add,
                    size: OperandSize::Size64,
                    rd,
                    rn: rd.to_reg(),
                    rm: tmp.to_reg(),
                }
                .emit(sink, emit_info, state);
            }

            &Inst::MachOTlsGetAddr { ref symbol, rd } => {
                // Each thread local variable gets a descriptor, where the first xword of the descriptor is a pointer
                // to a function that takes the descriptor address in x0, and after the function returns x0
                // contains the address for the thread local variable
                //
                // what we want to emit is basically:
                //
                // adrp x0, <label>@TLVPPAGE  ; Load the address of the page of the thread local variable pointer (TLVP)
                // ldr x0, [x0, <label>@TLVPPAGEOFF] ; Load the descriptor's address into x0
                // ldr x1, [x0] ; Load the function pointer (the first part of the descriptor)
                // blr x1 ; Call the function pointer with the descriptor address in x0
                // ; x0 now contains the TLV address

                assert_eq!(xreg(0), rd.to_reg());
                let rtmp = writable_xreg(1);

                // adrp x0, <label>@TLVPPAGE
                sink.add_reloc(Reloc::MachOAarch64TlsAdrPage21, symbol, 0);
                sink.put4(0x90000000);

                // ldr x0, [x0, <label>@TLVPPAGEOFF]
                sink.add_reloc(Reloc::MachOAarch64TlsAdrPageOff12, symbol, 0);
                sink.put4(0xf9400000);

                // load [x0] into temp register
                Inst::ULoad64 {
                    rd: rtmp,
                    mem: AMode::reg(rd.to_reg()),
                    flags: MemFlagsData::trusted(),
                }
                .emit(sink, emit_info, state);

                // call function pointer in temp register
                Inst::CallInd {
                    info: crate::isa::Box::new(CallInfo::empty(
                        rtmp.to_reg(),
                        CallConv::AppleAarch64,
                    )),
                }
                .emit(sink, emit_info, state);
            }

            &Inst::Unwind { ref inst } => {
                sink.add_unwind(inst.clone());
            }

            &Inst::DummyUse { .. } => {}

            &Inst::LabelAddress { dst, label } => {
                // We emit an ADR only, which is +/- 2MiB range. This
                // should be sufficient for the typical use-case of
                // this instruction, which is insmall trampolines to
                // get exception-handler addresses.
                let inst = Inst::Adr { rd: dst, off: 0 };
                let offset = sink.cur_offset();
                inst.emit(sink, emit_info, state);
                sink.use_label_at_offset(offset, label, LabelUse::Adr21);
            }

            &Inst::SequencePoint { .. } => {
                // Nothing.
            }

            &Inst::StackProbeLoop { start, end, step } => {
                assert!(emit_info.flags.enable_probestack());

                // The loop generated here uses `start` as a counter register to
                // count backwards until negating it exceeds `end`. In other
                // words `start` is an offset from `sp` we're testing where
                // `end` is the max size we need to test. The loop looks like:
                //
                //      loop_start:
                //          sub start, start, #step
                //          stur xzr, [sp, start]
                //          cmn start, end
                //          br.gt loop_start
                //      loop_end:
                //
                // Note that this loop cannot use the spilltmp and tmp2
                // registers as those are currently used as the input to this
                // loop when generating the instruction. This means that some
                // more flavorful address modes and lowerings need to be
                // avoided.
                //
                // Perhaps someone more clever than I can figure out how to use
                // `subs` or the like and skip the `cmn`, but I can't figure it
                // out at this time.

                let loop_start = sink.get_label();
                sink.bind_label(loop_start, &mut state.ctrl_plane);

                Inst::AluRRImm12 {
                    alu_op: ALUOp::Sub,
                    size: OperandSize::Size64,
                    rd: start,
                    rn: start.to_reg(),
                    imm12: step,
                }
                .emit(sink, emit_info, state);
                Inst::Store32 {
                    rd: regs::zero_reg(),
                    mem: AMode::RegReg {
                        rn: regs::stack_reg(),
                        rm: start.to_reg(),
                    },
                    flags: MemFlagsData::trusted(),
                }
                .emit(sink, emit_info, state);
                Inst::AluRRR {
                    alu_op: ALUOp::AddS,
                    size: OperandSize::Size64,
                    rd: regs::writable_zero_reg(),
                    rn: start.to_reg(),
                    rm: end,
                }
                .emit(sink, emit_info, state);

                let loop_end = sink.get_label();
                Inst::CondBr {
                    taken: BranchTarget::Label(loop_start),
                    not_taken: BranchTarget::Label(loop_end),
                    kind: CondBrKind::Cond(Cond::Gt),
                }
                .emit(sink, emit_info, state);
                sink.bind_label(loop_end, &mut state.ctrl_plane);
            }
        }

        let end_off = sink.cur_offset();
        debug_assert!(
            (end_off - start_off) <= Inst::worst_case_size()
                || matches!(self, Inst::EmitIsland { .. }),
            "Worst case size exceed for {:?}: {}",
            self,
            end_off - start_off
        );

        state.clear_post_insn();
    }

    fn pretty_print_inst(&self, state: &mut Self::State) -> String {
        self.print_with_state(state)
    }
}

fn emit_return_call_common_sequence<T>(
    sink: &mut MachBuffer<Inst>,
    emit_info: &EmitInfo,
    state: &mut EmitState,
    info: &ReturnCallInfo<T>,
) {
    for inst in AArch64MachineDeps::gen_clobber_restore(
        CallConv::Tail,
        &emit_info.flags,
        state.frame_layout(),
    ) {
        inst.emit(sink, emit_info, state);
    }

    let setup_area_size = state.frame_layout().setup_area_size;
    if setup_area_size > 0 {
        // N.B.: sp is already adjusted to the appropriate place by the
        // clobber-restore code (which also frees the fixed frame). Hence, there
        // is no need for the usual `mov sp, fp` here.

        // `ldp fp, lr, [sp], #16`
        Inst::LoadP64 {
            rt: writable_fp_reg(),
            rt2: writable_link_reg(),
            mem: PairAMode::SPPostIndexed {
                // TODO: we could fold the increment for incoming_args_diff here, as long as that
                // value is less than 502*8, by adding it to `setup_area_size`.
                // https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0596/2020-12/Base-Instructions/LDP--Load-Pair-of-Registers-
                simm7: SImm7Scaled::maybe_from_i64(i64::from(setup_area_size), types::I64).unwrap(),
            },
            flags: MemFlagsData::trusted(),
        }
        .emit(sink, emit_info, state);
    }

    // Adjust SP to account for the possible over-allocation in the prologue.
    let incoming_args_diff = state.frame_layout().tail_args_size - info.new_stack_arg_size;
    if incoming_args_diff > 0 {
        for inst in
            AArch64MachineDeps::gen_sp_reg_adjust(i32::try_from(incoming_args_diff).unwrap())
        {
            inst.emit(sink, emit_info, state);
        }
    }

    if (setup_area_size > 0 || info.sign_return_address_all)
        && let Some(key) = info.key
    {
        sink.put4(key.enc_auti_hint());
    }
}